黄土高原地区土地覆盖变化对气候的反馈作用数值模拟

干旱区地理 ›› 2017, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4): 850-859.

黄土高原地区土地覆盖变化对气候的反馈作用数值模拟

苟娇娇^1,3, 王飞^1,2,3, 于恩涛^4,5, 金凯²

1. 中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所, 陕西杨凌 712100;
2. 西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所, 陕西杨凌 712100;
3. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049;
4. 中国科学院大气物理研究所竺可桢-南森国际研究中心, 北京 100029;
5. 南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京 210044

收稿日期:2017-02-11 修回日期:2017-04-25 出版日期:2017-07-25
通讯作者: 王飞(1971-),男,陕西户县人,研究员.Email:wangfe@ms.iswc.ac.cn
作者简介:苟娇娇(1994-),女,四川达州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:全球变化与陆地生态系统研究.Email:goujiaojiaogis@163.com
基金资助:
国科学院国际合作局对外合作重点项目（16146KYSB20150001）；国家重大科学研究计划项目（2014CB954301）；欧盟委员会Horizon2020项目（635750）

Numerical simulation of the feedback of land-cover change on regional climate in the Loess Plateau

GOU Jiao-jiao^1,3, WANG Fei^1,2,3, YU En-tao^4,5, JIN Kai²

1. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
2. College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
4. Nansen-Zhu International Research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
5. Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, China

Received:2017-02-11 Revised:2017-04-25 Online:2017-07-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 区域尺度土地覆盖变化是自然变化和人类活动共同驱动的结果，同时又对区域气候环境产生反馈。利用欧洲中值数值预报中心（ECMWF） ERA-Interim再分析资料，驱动RegCM4.5区域气候模式，进行了两个时间段（1980-2014、2005-2014）的数值模拟试验。以1：250 000土地利用图为基础，结合植被图、土壤图制作具有高精度、极强现势性的土地覆盖资料，区域模式中陆面过程模式采用BATS，模拟了现实的土地覆盖改变对气候要素的影响，分析了黄土高原地区土地覆盖变化对气候的反馈作用。结果表明：（1） RegCM4.5不但能够较好描述黄土高原气温、降水的时间空间分布特征，也能够模拟土地覆盖变化对黄土高原局地气候变化的反馈。（2）不同土地覆盖变化特征对气候反馈作用不同，荒漠化会引起局部地区气温升高和降水减少，并通过正反馈机制，致使自然植被生长发育受阻；水域旱化会导致夏季气温升高和降水增加，从而加剧干旱洪涝灾害风险；草地覆盖增加会导致春夏季降水量与气温的降低，秋冬季降水量与气温升高。（3）土地覆盖变化对气温与降水的影响在夏季较强。该研究可促进对黄土高原生态治理环境效应的理解，也能深化对土地利用-气候变化之间互馈作用的过程认识，并为区域生态建设对策选择提供参考。

关键词: 区域气候模式, 土地覆盖变化, 气候反馈, 黄土高原

Abstract: Land-cover change is driven by the natural climate change and human activities,in turn,the land-cover change also has impact on regional climate. The processes of land-cover change affected the regional climate through exchanges of materials(e.g.,water)and energy across the land-atmosphere interface,and the processes play an important role in regional ecological construction. In this paper,we conducted two numerical simulations (1980-2014,2005-2014)using Regional Climate model(RegCM)version 4.5,which are driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis data produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF). A set of land-cover data with high spatial resolution and timeliness had been built based on the 1:250 000 land-use data, the map of vegetation and the map of soil. Then the changes in temperature and precipitation that influenced by the actual land-cover changes were simulated with the land surface process model Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme(BATS)in the Loess Plateau. The feedback of land-cover change and the surface energy budget were analyzed on regional climate. The implications are follows:(1)RegCM4.5 can reproduce the observed annual cycle of mean temperature and precipitation well,as well as the feedback of water-heat conditions under the land-cover change on the Loess Plateau.(2)Land-cover change has stronger impact on precipitation and temperature in summer. The feedback is different under different types of land-cover change.(3)Desertification can lead to increase of temperature and decrease of precipitation,which would hinder the natural vegetation recovery. (4)Reclamation will lead to increase of temperatures and precipitation in summer,which may cause more drought and flood events.(5)Grassland amplification will lead to decrease of temperature and precipitation in spring and summer and increase of temperatures and precipitation in autumn and winter. The conclusion can deepen the understanding of the effects of ecological environment change in loess plateau,and the process of reciprocal effects between land-use and climate change. The conclusion provides a reference for selection of regional ecological construction policy.

Key words: RegCM4.5, land-cover change, climate feedback, the Loess Plateau

中图分类号:

P461

苟娇娇, 王飞, 于恩涛, 金凯. 黄土高原地区土地覆盖变化对气候的反馈作用数值模拟[J]. 干旱区地理, 2017, 40(4): 850-859.

GOU Jiao-jiao, WANG Fei, YU En-tao, JIN Kai. Numerical simulation of the feedback of land-cover change on regional climate in the Loess Plateau[J]. , 2017, 40(4): 850-859.

参考文献

[1] IPCC WGI AR52013. Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers. Twelfth Session of Working Group[EB/OL].[2013-09-30]. http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf.

[2] CHARLSON R J,SCHWARTZ S E,HALES J M,et al. Climate forcing by anthropogenicaerosol[J]. Science,1992,255(5043):423-430.

[3] CROWLEY T J. Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years[J]. Science,2000,289(5477):270-277.

[4] 周广胜,王玉辉. 土地利用/覆盖变化对气候的反馈作用[J]. 自然资源学报,1999,4(14):318-322.[ZHOU Guangsheng, WANG Yuhui. The feedback of land use/cover change on climate[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,1999,4(14):318-322.]

[5] 陈锋,谢正辉. 基于中国植被数据的陆面覆盖及其对陆面过程模拟的影响[J]. 大气科学,2009,33(4):681-697.[CHEN Feng,XIE Zhenghui. A land cover dataset based on Chinese Vegetation Data and its impact on land surface simulations[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2009,33(4):681-697.]

[6] 韩振宇,高学杰,石英,等. 中国高精度土地覆盖数据在RegCM4/CLM模式中的引入及其对区域气候模拟影响的分析[J]. 冰川冻土,2015,37(4):857-866[. HAN Zhenyu,GAO Xuejie,SHI Ying,et al. Development of Chinese high resolution land cover data for the RegCM4/CLM and its impact on regional climate simulation[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2015,37(4):857-866.]

[7] PAN Y,LI X,GONG P,et al. An integrative classification of vegetation in China based on NOAA AVHRR and vegetation-climate indices of the Holdridge life zone[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2003,24(5):1009-1027.

[8] 彭珍,胡非. 北京城市化进程对边界层风场结构影响的研究[J]. 地球物理学报,2006,49(6):1608-1615.[PENG Zhen, HU Fei. A study of the influence of urbanization of Beijing on the boundary wind structure[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2006,49(6):1608-1615.]

[9] KARIM F,DUTTA D,MARVANEK S,et al. Assessing the impacts of climate change and dams on floodplain inundation and wetland connectivity in the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2015,522(522):80-94.

[10] 于恩涛,孙建奇,吕光辉,等. 西部干旱区未来气候变化高分辨率预估[J]. 干旱区地理,2015,38(3):429-437[. YU Entao, SUN Jianqi,LV Guanghui,et al. High-resolution projection of future climate change in the northwestern arid regions of China[J]. Arid Land Geography,2015,38(3):429-437.]

[11] 刘宇,傅伯杰. 黄土高原植被覆盖度变化的地形分异及土地利用/覆被变化的影响[J]. 干旱区地理,2013,36(6):1097-1102.[LU Yu,FU Bojie. Topographic variation of vegetation cover evolution and the impact of land use/cover change in the Loess Plateau[J]. Arid Land Geography,2013,36(6):1097-1102.]

[12] 陈海山,李兴,华文剑. 近20年中国土地利用变化影响区域气候的数值模拟[J]. 大气科学,2015,(2):357-69[. CHEN Haishan,LI Xing,HUA Wenjian. Numerical simulation of the impact of land use/land cover change over China on regional climates during the last 20 years[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2015,(2):357-69.]

[13] 张静辉,文军,张堂堂,等. 黄河源区植被覆盖度对区域气候影响的数值模拟[J]. 高原气象,2011,30(4):989-995[. ZHANG Jinghui,WEN Jun,ZHANG Tangtang,et al. Numerical simulation of influence of fractional vegetation cover change in the source water region of Yellow River on regional climate[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2011,30(4):989-995.]

[14] 王飞,李锐,温仲明. 退耕工程生态环境效益发挥的影响因素调查研究——以安塞县退耕还林(草)试点为例[J]. 水土保持通报,2002,22(3):1-4[. WANG Fei,LI Rui,WEN Zhongming. Survey of factors affecting eco-environmental benefits of cropland conversion:a case-based study on cropland conversion experimental station in Ansai County[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,22(3):1-4.]

[15] XUE Y K. The impact of desertification in the Mongolian and the Inner Mongolian grassland on the regional climate[J]. Journal of Climate,1996,9(6):2173-2189.

[16] HALDER S,SAHA S K,DIRMEYER P A,et al. Investigating the impact of land-use land-cover change on Indian summer monsoon daily rainfall and temperature during 1951-2005 using a regional climate model[J]. Hydrology & Earth System Sciences Discussions,2015,12(7):6575-6633.

[17] JIAO Q,LI R,WANG F,et al. Impacts of Re-vegetation on surface soil moisture over the Chinese Loess Plateau based on remote sensing datasets[J]. Remote Sensing,2016,8(2):156-171.

[18] GIORGI F,COPPOLA E,SOLMON F,et al. RegCM4:model description and illustrative basic performance over selected CORDEX domains[J]. Climate Research,2012,52:7-29.

[19] UPPALA S M,DEE D P,KOBAYASHI S,et al. Towards a climate data assimilation system:Status update of ERA-Interim[J]. ECMWF Newsletter,2008,115:12-18.

[20] 高学杰,张冬峰,陈仲新,等. 中国当代土地利用对区域气候影响的数值模拟[J]. 中国科学D辑:地球科学,2007,37(3):397-404.[GAO Xuejie,ZHANG Dongfeng,CHEN Zhongxin, et al. Land use effects on climate in China as simulated by a regional climate model[J]. Science in China(Series D),2007,37(3):397-404.]

[21] 姚凤梅,张佳华. 全球及区域模式中陆面过程的地表植被覆盖分类方法[J]. 干旱区地理,2006,29(6):872-877[. YAO Fengmei,ZHANG Jiahua. Vegetation classification scheme of land surface process in GCM& RCM[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2006,29(6):872-877.]

[22] 张文帅,王飞,穆兴民,等. 近25年延河流域土地利用/覆盖变化的时空特征[J]. 水土保持研究,2012,19(5):148-152+57+291[. ZHANG Wenshuai,WANG Fei,MU Xingming,et al. Spatio-temporal characteristics of land use/land cover change (LUCC)over the past 25 years in the Yan River Basin[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(5):148-152+57+291.]

[23] DICKINSON R E,HENDERSON-SELLERS A,KENNEDY P J. Biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme(BATS)version 1 as coupled to the NCAR community climate model[C]. Proceedings of the NCAR Tech Note,F,1993.

[24] 黄河上中游管理局. 黄河流域水土保持图集[M]. 北京,地震出版社,2012.[Upper and Middle Reaches Administration of the Yellow River Basin. Atlas of soil and water conservation in the Yellow River Basin[M]. Beijing:Earthquake Publishing House, 2012.]

[25] 郑益群,钱永甫,苗曼倩,等. 植被变化对中国区域气候的影响Ⅱ:机理分析[J]. 气象学报,2002,60(1):17-30.[ZHENG Yiqun,QIAN Yongfu,MIAO Manqian,et al. The effects of vegetation change on regional climate Ⅱ:Mechanisms[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2002,60(1):17-30.]

[26] ADAMS J M. Vegetation-climate interaction:how vegetation makes the global environment[M]. Chichester:Springer-Praxis Publishing,2007.

[27] 郑益群,钱永甫,苗曼倩,等. 植被变化对中国区域气候的影响I:初步模拟结果[J]. 气象学报,2002,60(1):1-16[. ZHENG Yiqun,QIAN Yongfu,MIAO Manqian,et al. The effects of vegetation change on regional climate I:Simulation Results[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2002,60(1):1-16.]

[28] 周伟,刚成诚,李建龙,等. 1982-2010年中国草地覆盖度的时空动态及其对气候变化的响应[J]. 地理学报,2014,69(1):15-30[. ZHOU Wei,GANG Chengcheng,LI Jianlong,et al. Spatial-temporal dynamics of grassland coverage and its response to climate change in China during 1982-2010[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):15-30.]

[29] GAO Xuejie,SHI Ying,GIORGI F. Comparison of convective parameterizations in RegCM4 experiments over China with CLM as the land surface model[J]. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters,2016,9(4):246-254.