古尔班通古特沙漠南缘荒漠化过程演变的景观格局特征分析

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 荒漠化过程是荒漠化研究的核心问题。以1977年MSS,1990年、2010年TM和2001年ETM+四个时期为遥感影像数据源,研究了近40 a古尔班通古特沙漠南缘荒漠化过程演变的景观格局特征。结果表明:(1)近40 a古尔班通古特沙漠南缘荒漠化过程演变经历了微弱逆转-加剧-逆转变化,荒漠化处于正逆交替动态变化中,总体上呈逆转趋势。(2)不同时期荒漠化过程演变格局特征呈波动性变化,以2001年为分水岭。近40 a来轻度和中度始终为主导作用,且有增强趋势。(3)年降水量与归一化植被指数(NDVI)相关系数达0.805,有明显正相关关系。年降水量对荒漠化具有显著作用,且其影响明显大于年均气温。(4)荒漠化过程景观格局特征对年降水量有明显响应。不同时期荒漠化过程演变中斑块密度随着降水量的增加总体呈减小趋势,年降水量达到184.4 mm,斑块密度趋于稳定,景观破碎度和景观异质性趋于稳定。随着降水的增加,轻度荒漠化类型破碎度呈逐渐减小趋势;中度荒漠化土地破碎度呈波动式变化;重度荒漠化破碎度波动下降趋势。(5)近40 a来气候变化是古尔班通古特沙漠的荒漠化与景观格局演化主要因素,但人为因素不容忽视,预示着未来干旱区荒漠化处于继续逆转趋势中。

关键词: 荒漠化, 景观格局, 降水, 归一化植被指数(NDVI), 古尔班通古特沙漠

Abstract: Desertification is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world and does great harm to living environment and biological diversity. The process of desertification is the focus of desertification study. Taken MSS image in 1977,TM image in 1990 and 2010,and ETM+image in 2001 as the remote sensing data sources,characteristics of the landscape pattern in the process of desertification evolution were analyzed in southern Gurbantunggut Desert over the past 40 years. Besides,annual average temperature and annual total precipitation from 1977 to 2010 were used to analyze the causes of desertification process. The results show as folows:(1)During the period of 1977-1990,mild desertification area increased most quickly with 30.26 km²·a^-1,and moderate desertification area decreased with 51.42 km²·a^-1. Annual precipitation increased with an average speed of 7.18 mm·a^-1,and average annual temperature increased with 1.3℃. During the period of 1990-2001,moderate desertification area increased most quickly with 96.93 km²·a^-1,and mild desertification area decreased with 55.28 km²·a^-1. Anual precipitation decreased with an average speed of 4.22 mm·a^-1,and change of average annual temperature was not obvious. During the period of 2001-2010,mild desertification area increased most quickly with 27.29 km²·a^-1,and moderate desertification area decreased with 29.07 km²·a^-1. Anual precipitation increased with an average speed of 7.07 mm·a^-1,and average annual temperature decreased with 0.9℃.(2)In recent 40 years,the average area of patches showed a trend of increase firstly and then decrease,and reached to maximum in 2001. The patch number showed a trend of decrease firstly and then increase,and reached to minimum in 2001. These results finally come to five conclusions as follows:(1)In recent 40 years,desertification has experienced a process of "weak reverse-aggravation-reverse" in southern Gurbantunggut Desert. On the whole,desertification in the aggravated and reversed alternately dynamics was in a reverse trend.(2)Pattern characteristics changed with fluctuation during different periods of the process of desertification,but all took 2001 as the watershed. During the past 40 years,mild and moderate desertification land played dominant roles and had showed increase trend in pattern characteristics changes.(3)The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)had an obvious positive correlation with the annual precipitation with the correlation coefficient of 0.805. The annual precipitation had an obvious impact on desertification,which is significantly greater than that of annual temperature.(4)The landscape pattern has an obvious response to precipitation in the process of desertification. The patch density decreased overall with the increase of precipitation. When annual precipitation reached 184.4 mm,patch density,fragmentation and heterogeneity tended to be stable. With the increase of precipitation, the fragmentation of mild desertification showed a gradually decrease trend;Fragmentation of moderate desertification fluctuated;Fragmentation of severe desertification had a downward trend in volatility.(5)Climate change was the main factor accounting for aggravated or reversed desertification and the evolution of desertification landscape in southern Gurbantunggut Desert during the latest 40 years,but the human factors cannot be ignored. It Indicates desertification in arid area would continue to present reversing trend in the future.

Key words: desertification, landscape pattern, precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), Gurbantunggut Desert

中图分类号:

P901

王新军, 赵成义, 杨瑞红, 李君. 古尔班通古特沙漠南缘荒漠化过程演变的景观格局特征分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2015, 38(6): 1213-1225.

WANG Xin-jun, ZHAO Cheng-yi, YANG Rui-hong, LI Jun. Landscape pattern characteristics of desertification evolution in southern Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. , 2015, 38(6): 1213-1225.

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