博斯腾湖流域小微湿地重金属污染及潜在风险评估

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.040

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

干旱区小微湿地对干旱区生态系统稳定性以及人类生活、生存起到关键作用。从新疆博斯腾湖流域采集86个代表性小微湿地水样，测定其中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg及As 6种重金属元素的含量，采用内梅罗综合污染指数、生态风险指数和US EPA健康风险评估模型，研究了小微湿地重金属污染及潜在生态与健康风险。结果表明：（1）研究区小微湿地中各重金属含量平均值均低于《GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅲ类标准限值。（2）小微湿地中的6种重金属的单因子污染指数和综合污染指数均呈现无污染态势。（3）小微湿地中重金属的单因子生态风险指数与综合生态风险指数均呈现轻微生态风险。（4）潜在健康风险评估结果表明，小微湿地中6种重金属产生的潜在非致癌健康风险均在可接受范围内，Cd与As产生的潜在致癌健康风险属于可接受风险水平。小微湿地中6种重金属对成人的非致癌和致癌健康风险均高于儿童。整体上，Hg是研究区小微湿地中最主要的污染及生态风险因子，As是最主要的潜在健康风险因子。研究结果可为干旱区水环境安全提供科学依据。

关键词: 小微湿地, 重金属, 污染, 潜在风险, 博斯腾湖流域

Abstract:

Small wetlands in arid regions are of critical importance to the stability of ecosystems and human life and survival. A total of 86 water samples were collected from representative small wetlands within the Bosten Lake Basin in Xinjiang, China to determine the contents of six heavy metal elements, including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index, ecological risk index, and the US EPA health risk assessment model were employed to analyze pollution levels, potential ecological and health risks of heavy metals in small wetlands. The findings indicated that the average concentrations of each heavy metal in the small wetlands within the study area were lower than the Class III standard limit stipulated in the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002). The single pollution index and comprehensive pollution index of six heavy metals in the small wetlands fall into the non-pollution level. The single ecological risk index and comprehensive ecological risk index of heavy metals in small wetlands are classified as low ecological risk. The potential health risks assessment revealed that the non-carcinogenic risks caused by six heavy metals in these wetlands were found to be within acceptable limits. However, the carcinogenic risks posed by Cd and As were found to be within acceptable parameters as well. The potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks of six heavy metals in small wetlands are higher for adults than for children. Overall, Hg was identified as the predominant pollution and ecological risk factor, while As was determined to be the primary potential health risk factor for small wetlands within the study area. The findings of this study offer a scientific foundation for the environmental security of water in arid regions.

Key words: small wetland, heavy metal, pollution, potential risk, Bosten Lake Basin

陈明丽, 麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜, 王丽灵, 胡永龙. 博斯腾湖流域小微湿地重金属污染及潜在风险评估[J]. 干旱区地理, 2025, 48(12): 2111-2121.

CHEN Mingli, Maimaitituerxun AIZEZI, WANG Liling, HU Yonglong. Pollution and potential risk assessment of heavy metals in small wetlands in the Bosten Lake Basin[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(12): 2111-2121.

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污染级别	无污染	轻微污染	轻度污染	中度污染	重度污染
P_i	P_i≤1	1<P_i≤2	2<P_i≤3	3<P_i≤5	P_i>5
NPI	NPI≤0.7	0.7<NPI≤1	1<NPI≤2	2<NPI≤3	NPI>3

潜在生态风险程度	轻微风险	中等风险	较强风险	很强风险	极强风险
E	E<40	40≤E<80	80≤E<160	160≤E<320	E≥320
RI	RI<150	150≤RI<300	300≤RI<600	RI≥600	-

元素	RfD/μg·kg^-1·d^-1		SF/kg·d^-1·μg^-1
元素	手-口摄入	皮肤接触	手-口摄入	皮肤接触
Cu	40	12	-	-
Zn	300	10	-	-
Pb	1.4	1.4	-	-
Cd	0.5	0.5	6.1×10^-3	3.8×10^-4
Hg	0.3	0.021	-	-
As	0.3	0.1	1.5×10^-3	3.66×10^-3

参数	单位	分布类型	成人取值	儿童取值	参考文献
IR	L·d^-1	正态分布	2（SD=0.15）	0.64（SD=0.15）	[43]
EF	d·a^-1	三角分布	350（180~364）	350（180~364）	[44]
ED	a	单点分布	24	6	[37]
BW	kg	正态分布	65（SD=0.3）	20（SD=0.3）	[43]
AT_{非致癌风险}	d	单点分布	8760	2190	[37]
AT_致癌风险	d	单点分布	25500	25500	[39]
SA	cm²	对数正态	18000	6600	[39]
ET	h	单点分布	1	0.58	[39]

元素	最大值/μg·L^-1	最小值/μg·L^-1	平均值/μg·L^-1	标准差/μg·L^-1	变异系数	峰度系数	偏度系数	标准值*/μg·L^-1	超标率/%
Cu	57.30	0.08	15.49	9.82	0.63	3.73	1.74	1000	0
Zn	297.00	0.67	40.54	31.47	0.78	52.72	6.49	1000	0
Pb	12.70	0.09	2.21	1.95	0.88	14.08	3.42	50	0
Cd	0.80	0.05	0.06	0.08	1.33	81.77	8.95	5	0
Hg	0.57	0.04	0.08	0.08	1.00	16.88	3.32	0.1	31
As	13.30	0.30	2.36	2.38	1.01	7.20	7.20	50	0