中天山PM2.5中重金属和多环芳烃污染特征、来源及健康风险评价

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中天山PM_2.5中重金属和多环芳烃污染特征、来源及健康风险评价

Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of PM_2.5-bound heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in middle Tianshan Mountains

中天山PM_2.5中重金属和多环芳烃污染特征、来源及健康风险评价

Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of PM_2.5-bound heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in middle Tianshan Mountains

中天山PM2.5中重金属和多环芳烃污染特征、来源及健康风险评价

Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in middle Tianshan Mountains

中天山PM_2.5中重金属和多环芳烃污染特征、来源及健康风险评价

Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of PM_2.5-bound heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in middle Tianshan Mountains

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doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.181

干旱区地理 ›› 2025, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (3): 391-404.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.181 cstr: 32274.14.ALG2024181

柴明辰¹(), 徐国杰¹(), 甄钟秀², 银燕¹, 郑博华³^,⁴, 陈魁⁵, 李斌³^,⁴, 李圆圆³^,⁴

1.南京信息工程大学中国气象局气溶胶与云降水重点开放实验室，江苏南京 210044
2.内蒙古大学生态与环境学院，内蒙古呼和浩特 010021
3.新疆维吾尔自治区人工影响天气办公室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830002
4.新疆人工影响天气工程技术研究中心，新疆乌鲁木齐 830002
5.南京信息工程大学应急管理学院，江苏南京 210044

收稿日期:2024-03-19 修回日期:2024-05-08 出版日期:2025-03-25 发布日期:2025-03-14
通讯作者: 徐国杰（1985-），男，博士，副教授，主要从事大气化学、气溶胶物理及化学研究. E-mail: guojiexu@nuist.edu.cn
作者简介:柴明辰（2002-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事大气环境研究. E-mail: chaimingchen@nuist.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(42006190)

CHAI Mingchen¹(), XU Guojie¹(), ZHEN Zhongxiu², YIN Yan¹, ZHENG Bohua³^,⁴, CHEN Kui⁵, LI Bin³^,⁴, LI Yuanyuan³^,⁴

1. China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, China
2. School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, Inner Mongolia, China
3. Weather Modification Office of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, Xinjiang, China
4. Xinjiang Weather Modification Engineering Technology Research Centre, Urumqi 830002, Xinjiang, China
5. School of Emergency Management, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, China

Received:2024-03-19 Revised:2024-05-08 Published:2025-03-25 Online:2025-03-14

摘要：

为了了解中天山PM_2.5的污染特征，于2019年7—9月在中天山乌拉斯台地区采集了PM_2.5样品，分别使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）和气质联用仪（GC-MS）分析了PM_2.5中重金属和多环芳烃（PAHs）含量，并对PM_2.5中重金属和PAHs来源和健康效应进行了研究。结果表明：（1）中天山夏秋季PM_2.5中重金属和PAHs浓度总体偏低；重金属总平均浓度为238.50 ng·m^-3，各元素平均浓度水平为Fe>Cu>Zn>Pb>Mn>Cr>As>V>Rb>Ni>Co>Se>Cd>Tl，除Fe（139.90 ng·m^-3）和Cu（78.72 ng·m^-3）外其余元素平均浓度均在10 ng·m^-3以下；PAHs总平均浓度为1.37 ng·m^-3，3环、4环和5~7环的浓度占比分别为3.59%、32.34%和64.07%。（2）观测期间PM_2.5主要受到来自西部的长距离输送和来自北部与西部的短距离输送影响，还可能受山谷风和边界层变化的影响。（3）正矩阵因子分析（PMF）得到污染源为天然气燃烧与石油源（28.56%）、机动车排放和燃煤（28.46%）、生物质燃烧和工业污染（16.14%）、有色金属冶炼（14.32%）和扬尘（12.52%）。（4）经呼吸道途径直接吸入PM_2.5中重金属和PAHs对成人和儿童存在一定的致癌风险，非致癌健康风险较低；存在致癌风险的单体是Cr、Co、As、Se元素，其余物质健康风险较低。

关键词: PM_2.5, 重金属, 多环芳烃, 污染特征, 来源解析, 中天山

Abstract:

To investigate the pollution characteristics of PM_2.5 in the middle Tianshan Mountains, PM_2.5 samples were collected in Wulasitai region of the middle Tianshan Mountains from July to September 2019. Heavy metal contents were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The study explored the sources and health effects of heavy metals and PAHs in PM_2.5. The key results are as follows: (1) Concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs during summer and autumn in the middle Tianshan Mountains were relatively low. The average concentration levels of each element were: Fe>Cu>Zn>Pb>Mn>Cr>As>V>Rb>Ni>Co>Se>Cd>Tl. The total average heavy metal concentration was 238.50 ng·m^-3, with Fe (139.90 ng·m^-3) and Cu (78.72 ng·m^-3) being dominant, while other elements were below 10 ng·m^-3. The total average concentration of PAHs was 1.37 ng·m^-3, with 3-ring, 4-ring, and 5-7 ring PAHs concentration accounting for 3.59%, 32.34%, and 64.07%, respectively. (2) During the observation period, PM_2.5 was influenced by long-distance transport from the west and short-distance transport from the north and west. It may also have been affected by local valley wind and boundary layer changes. (3) Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified key pollution sources, including natural gas combustion and petroleum sources (28.56%), vehicle emissions and coal burning (28.46%), biomass burning and industrial pollution (16.14%), non-ferrous metal smelting (14.32%), and dust (12.52%). (4) Direct inhalation of PM_2.5 posed a carcinogenic risk to adults and children due to heavy metals and PAHs, with Cr, Co, As, and Se identified as high-risk substances. Non-carcinogenic health risks were relatively low.

Key words: PM_2.5, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pollution characteristics, source analysis, middle Tianshan Mountains

柴明辰, 徐国杰, 甄钟秀, 银燕, 郑博华, 陈魁, 李斌, 李圆圆. 中天山PM_2.5中重金属和多环芳烃污染特征、来源及健康风险评价[J]. 干旱区地理, 2025, 48(3): 391-404.

CHAI Mingchen, XU Guojie, ZHEN Zhongxiu, YIN Yan, ZHENG Bohua, CHEN Kui, LI Bin, LI Yuanyuan. Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of PM_2.5-bound heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in middle Tianshan Mountains[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(3): 391-404.

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特征化合物比	石油源	石油源或燃烧源	燃烧源		非机动车源	机动车源
特征化合物比	石油源	石油源或燃烧源	液态化石燃料	煤炭与生物质	非机动车源	机动车源
Ant/(Ant+Phe)	<0.10	-	>0.10	>0.10	-	-
BaA/(BaA+Chr)	<0.20	0.20~0.35	>0.35	>0.35	-	-
IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP)	<0.20	-	0.20~0.50	>0.50	-	-
BaP/BghiP	-	-	-	-	<0.6	>0.6

暴露参数	不同人群
暴露参数	成人	儿童
ET/h·d^-1	8	6
EF/d·a^-1	180	180
ED/a	24	6
AT（致癌）/h	70×365×24	70×365×24
AT（非致癌）/h	ED×365×24	ED×365×24

元素	Rfc/mg·m^-3	IUR/(μg·m^-3)^-1
钒（V）	1.0×10^-4	-
六价铬（Cr（Ⅵ））	1.0×10^-4	8.4×10^-2
锰（Mn）	5.0×10^-5	-
钴（Co）	6.0×10^-6	9.0×10^-3
镍（Ni）	9.0×10^-5	2.6×10^-4
砷（As）	1.5×10^-5	4.3×10^-3
硒（Se）	-	2.0×10^-2
镉（Cd）	1.0×10^-5	1.8×10^-3
铅（Pb）	-	8.0×10^-5

元素	最小值/ng·m^-3	最大值/ng·m^-3	均值/ng·m^-3	变异系数
钒（V）	n.d.	15.82	0.42	4.81
铬（Cr）	n.d.	86.69	1.78	6.20
锰（Mn）	n.d.	20.43	4.53	0.84
铁（Fe）	9.61	1776.13	139.90	1.75
钴（Co）	n.d.	3.69	0.22	2.58
镍（Ni）	n.d.	2.06	0.27	1.89
铜（Cu）	2.07	496.63	78.72	1.20
锌（Zn）	n.d.	91.25	6.43	2.02
砷（As）	0.06	2.65	0.79	0.80
硒（Se）	n.d.	0.67	0.13	1.27
铷（Rb）	n.d.	1.93	0.32	1.32
镉（Cd）	0.02	0.86	0.10	1.12
铊（Tl）	0.01	0.21	0.07	0.60
铅（Pb）	0.52	14.35	4.82	0.52

采样地点	采样时间（年-月）	Cr	Mn	Fe	Ni	Cu	Zn	As	Cd	Pb	来源
贡嘎山	2015-05—2016-05	22.74	9.06	379.79	97.75	7.23	441.65	1.22	0.29	44.39	[40]
南京市	2016-12—2017-10	32.1	38.0	690.5	42.4	28.0	220.5	6.2	1.6	38.4	[41]
济南市	2017-03	0.1	18.0	-	5.5	225.0	71.8	4.0	0.6	35.3	[42]
乌鲁木齐市	2018-03—2018-04	112	72	-	26	184	263	-	26	47	[9]
克拉玛依市	2018-03—2018-04	91	45	-	21	69	61	-	15	42	[9]
西安市	2019-01—2019-12	14	355	686	-	74	18	21	224	144	[43]
乌鲁木齐市	2019-10、2019-12	-	71.09	2086.19	19.74	175.69	330.92	180.93	-	53.80	[21]
中天山	2019-07—2019-09	1.78	4.53	139.90	0.27	78.72	6.43	0.79	0.10	4.82	本研究

PAHs	最小值 /ng·m^-3	最大值 /ng·m^-3	均值 /ng·m^-3	变异系数	环数
茐（Flu）	n.d.	0.03	0.003	1.57	3
菲（Phe）	0.003	0.19	0.03	0.99	3
蒽（Ant）	n.d.	0.03	0.01	0.50	3
荧蒽（Flua）	0.01	0.78	0.14	0.95	4
芘（Pyr）	0.01	0.56	0.12	0.90	4
苯并[a]蒽（BaA）	0.004	0.30	0.05	0.96	4
䓛（Chr）	0.02	0.47	0.13	0.69	4
苯并[b]荧蒽（BbF）	0.04	0.87	0.23	0.62	5
苯并[k]荧蒽（BkF）	0.02	0.54	0.12	0.70	5
苯并[e]芘（BeP）	0.02	0.35	0.10	0.63	5
苯并[a]芘（BaP）	n.d.	0.47	0.10	0.89	5
二苯并[a,h]蒽（DahA）	n.d.	0.11	0.02	0.81	5
茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘（IcdP）	0.03	0.78	0.16	0.84	6
苯并[ghi]芘（BghiP）	0.02	0.48	0.10	0.83	6
晕苯（Cor）	n.d.	0.27	0.05	0.92	7

采样地点	采样时间（年-月）	2~3环PAHs		4环PAHs		5~7环PAHs		总浓度 /ng·m^-3	来源
采样地点	采样时间（年-月）	浓度/ng·m^-3	占比/%	浓度/ng·m^-3	占比/%	浓度/ng·m^-3	占比/%	总浓度 /ng·m^-3	来源
西安市	2016-01—2018-12	0.44	3.77	3.98	34.08	6.85	58.65	11.27	[46]
银川市	2016-07	19.08	42.62	11.81	26.38	13.88	31.00	44.77	[47]
乌鲁木齐市	2018-03—2018-04	5.75	21.39	13.83	51.45	7.30	27.16	26.88	[9]
克拉玛依市	2018-03—2018-04	4.62	17.30	20.41	76.41	1.68	6.29	26.71	[9]
吉木乃县	2018-03—2018-04	6.70	15.47	31.36	72.39	5.26	12.14	43.32	[9]
伊宁市	2016-06—2016-08	2.95	17.69	3.59	21.52	10.14	60.79	16.68	[22]
瓦里关站	2019-12—2020-01	0.41	4.81	4.60	53.93	3.52	41.27	8.53	[48]
金沙站	2019-12—2020-01	0.22	7.83	1.14	40.57	1.45	51.60	2.81	[48]
中天山	2019-07—2019-09	0.05	3.59	0.44	32.34	0.83	64.07	1.37	本研究

污染物	HQ		ECR
污染物	成年人	儿童	成年人	儿童
V	6.90×10^-3	5.18×10^-3	-	-
Cr	4.18×10^-8	3.14×10^-3	1.20×10^-5	2.26×10^-6
Mn	0.149	0.112	-	-
Co	6.03×10^-2	4.52×10^-2	1.12×10^-6	2.09×10^-7
Ni	4.93×10^-3	3.70×10^-3	3.96×10^-8	7.42×10^-9
As	8.66×10^-2	6.49×10^-2	1.91×10^-6	3.59×10^-7
Se	-	-	1.47×10^-6	2.75×10^-7
Cd	1.64×10^-2	1.23×10^-2	1.01×10^-7	1.90×10^-8
Pb	-	-	2.17×10^-7	4.07×10^-8
总重金属	0.328	0.246	1.69×10^-5	3.17×10^-6
Flu	2.47×10^-6	1.85×10^-6	1.01×10^-12	1.90×10^-13
Phe	2.47×10^-5	1.85×10^-5	1.01×10^-11	1.90×10^-12
Ant	8.22×10^-5	6.16×10^-5	3.38×10^-11	6.34×10^-12
Flua	1.15×10^-4	8.63×10^-5	4.73×10^-11	8.88×10^-12
Pyr	9.86×10^-5	7.40×10^-5	4.06×10^-11	7.61×10^-12
BaA	4.11×10^-3	3.08×10^-3	1.69×10^-9	3.17×10^-10
Chr	1.07×10^-3	8.01×10^-4	4.40×10^-10	8.24×10^-11
BbF	1.89×10^-2	1.42×10^-2	7.78×10^-9	1.46×10^-9
BkF	9.86×10^-3	7.40×10^-3	4.06×10^-9	7.61×10^-10
BeP	8.22×10^-4	6.16×10^-4	3.38×10^-10	6.34×10^-11
BaP	8.22×10^-2	6.16×10^-2	3.38×10^-8	6.34×10^-9
IcdP	1.32×10^-2	9.86×10^-3	5.41×10^-9	1.01×10^-9
DahA	1.64×10^-2	1.23×10^-2	6.76×10^-9	1.27×10^-9
BghiP	8.22×10^-4	6.16×10^-4	3.38×10^-10	6.34×10^-11
Cor	4.11×10^-5	3.08×10^-5	1.69×10^-11	3.17×10^-12
总PAHs	0.148	0.111	6.08×10^-8	1.14×10^-8
总和	0.476	0.357	1.70×10^-5	3.18×10^-6

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