庆阳市空气污染及气象因子影响特征分析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.302

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于2015—2021年庆阳市空气污染和气象数据，利用变率统计分析庆阳市空气质量指数、首要污染物及其浓度变化特征，运用气候相似性原理和多因子综合评价并探究气象因子对污染物的作用与影响，并确立响应指标，为全市精准开展大气污染防治提供支撑。结果表明：（1）庆阳市空气质量优良率86.6%，空气质量指数年均为73，呈不明显上升趋势。首要污染物主要为PM₁₀、PM_2.5和O₃ 3种，且季节特征明显。2017年后SO₂污染明显改善，但颗粒物与O₃并发的复合型污染凸显，与当地气候、污染排放源有密切关系。（2） O₃浓度夜间维持较高位，且以1.5 μg·m^-3·a^-1的年速率上升，气温对O₃正效应显著，初夏气温高，降水量少是O₃浓度升高和超标的主要驱动因子。（3）外源输送和供暖期本地排放造成秋末—冬春季的PM₁₀和PM_2.5超标。（4） PM₁₀、PM_2.5和O₃超标日下的主要气象因子阈值特征不同。

关键词: 空气质量, 污染物浓度, 气象影响, 阈值指标, 庆阳市

Abstract:

Based on air pollution and meteorological data (2015—2021) from Qingyang City, Gansu Province, China, this study employed mathematical statistics and Pearson correlation analysis to examine AQI, primary pollutants, and their concentration changes. It aims to explore the influence of meteorological factors on pollution levels and establish response indicators to aid the prevention and control of air pollution in the area. Results indicate that Qingyang City predominantly experiences excellent air quality, with distinct seasonal variations in AQI. The best air quality occurs from mid-summer to mid-autumn, followed by spring, and deteriorates significantly in winter. The primary pollutants identified are O₃, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5, with O₃ peaking in summer, and a combination of PM₁₀, O₃ and PM_2.5 in spring and autumn. Winter and the heating season primarily feature PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. A complex interplay between particulate matter and O₃ is evident. Annually, concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, CO, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ demonstrate a declining trend, whereas O₃ shows an average increase of 1.5 µg·m^-3·a^-1. Monthly and seasonal concentration fluctuations are significant, with elevated levels of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in winter and spring, and the highest O₃ concentrations in June. Moderate or severe pollution episodes predominantly occur from late autumn to winter and spring, driven by local climate conditions and pollution sources. Temperature significantly enhances O₃ concentrations, with high temperatures in early summer and low precipitation serving as primary contributors. External transport and local emissions during the heating season lead to exceedances in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 standards. Daily O₃ variations display a unimodal pattern, without significant nighttime decreases. Conversely, other pollutants exhibit a bimodal daily pattern, with peaks around 04:00 and 15:00, and elevated levels at 20:00 and 09:00. Exceedance days for PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and O₃ typically coincide with dry conditions or precipitation less than 3 mm. Meteorological factors such as air pressure, temperature, humidity, maximum wind speed, and wind direction show marked variations on these days. The periods with the highest frequency of PM₁₀ exceedances span from March to April, PM_2.5 from December to January of the following year, and O₃from June to July. For PM₁₀, the exceedance thresholds include temperatures of 10-20 ℃, humidity levels of 20%-50%, air pressure between 850-863 hPa, and maximum wind speeds of 4 m·s^-1 or above, predominantly with NW winds. PM_2.5 exceedances occur at temperatures of -5-3 ℃, humidity of 40%-80%, air pressure between 854-867 hPa, and maximum wind speeds of 2-6 m·s^-1, with SW and S winds. O₃exceedances are noted at temperatures of 19-26 ℃, humidity of 25%-60%, air pressure between 851-858 hPa, and maximum wind speeds of 3-5 m·s^-1, under S and SW winds.

Key words: air quality, pollutant concentration, meteorological influences, threshold indicator, Qingyang City

焦美玲, 韩晶, 曹彦超, 王娟, 秦拓, 贺涛. 庆阳市空气污染及气象因子影响特征分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(6): 932-941.

JIAO Meiling, HAN Jing, CAO Yanchao, WANG Juan, QIN Tuo, HE Tao. Characteristics of air pollution and meteorological factors in Qingyang City[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(6): 932-941.

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污染级别	AQI指数范围
优	0~50
良	51~100
轻度污染	101~150
中度污染	151~200
重度污染	201~300
严重污染	>300

污染物	浓度限值
污染物	24 h平均	年平均
SO₂/μg·m^-3	150	60
NO₂/μg·m^-3	80	40
PM₁₀/μg·m^-3	150	70
PM_2.5/μg·m^-3	75	35
O₃/μg·m^-3	160	-
CO/mg·m^-3	4	-

污染物	气压	降水量	气温	相对湿度	日照时数	最大风速
SO₂	0.430^**	-0.391^**	-0.584^**	-0.301^**	-0.039	0.263^*
NO₂	0.676^**	-0.553^**	-0.708^**	-0.254^*	-0.203	0.378^**
PM₁₀	0.417^**	-0.624^**	-0.624^**	-0.567^**	0.068	0.454^**
CO	0.402^**	-0.370^**	-0.558^**	-0.200	-0.110	0.295^**
O₃	-0.821^**	-0.412^**	0.818^**	-0.060	0.491^**	-0.318^**
PM_2.5	0.570^**	-0.671^**	-0.791^**	-0.445^**	-0.100	0.374^**

污染物	时段	气象要素
污染物	时段	气压/hPa	气温/℃	相对湿度/%	最大风速/m·s^-1	主要风向（频率/%）	分量风向（频率/%）
PM₁₀	3—4月超标日	856.4	10.8	44	5.6	N（61）	N（25）	NW（34）	NE（2）
	3—4月达标日	858.4	9.2	53	4.4	S（45）	S（21）	SE（11）	SW（13）
	11月—翌年5月超标日	858.7	6.2	48	5.1	N（46）	N（20）	NW（25）	NE（1）
	11月—翌年5月达标日	860.4	5.0	52	4.2	S（40）	S（15）	SE（10）	SW（15）
PM_2.5	12月—翌年1月超标日	860.9	-1.1	61	3.7	S（50）	S（19）	SE（14）	SW（17）
	12月—翌年1月达标日	863.5	-2.4	47	4.0	N（40）	N（13）	NW（20）	NE（7）
	11月—翌年5月超标日	857.8	5.2	60	4.1	S（55）	S（20）	SE（17）	SW（18）
	11月—翌年5月达标日	860.5	5.0	50	4.3	N（40）	N（13）	NW（22）	NE（5）
O₃	6—7月超标日	852.1	23.5	49	4.2	S（86)	S（37)	SE（13)	SW（36)
	6—7月达标日	852.9	21.2	64	4.4	S（60)	S（25)	SE（13)	SW（22)
	4—8月超标日	852.6	22.7	43	4.3	S（81)	S（31)	SE（17)	SW（33)
	4—8月达标日	854.8	18.4	60	4.6	S（51)	S（24)	SE（10)	SW（17)

污染物	气温 /℃	相对湿度 /%	气压 /hPa	最大风速 /m·s^-1	盛行风向 /分量风向
PM₁₀	10~20	20~50	850~863	≥4	N/NW
PM_2.5	-5~3	40~80	854~867	2~6	S/SW
O₃	19~26	25~60	851~858	3~5	S/SW