陕北黄土高原生态脆弱性时空变异及驱动因素分析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2023.027

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在多源数据的支撑下，基于敏感性-恢复力-压力模型构建评估指标体系，分析生态恢复工程实施前后（1997年和2021年）陕北黄土高原不同行政区、不同生态功能区和不同坡度的生态脆弱性时空分异规律及驱动机制。结果表明：（1）陕北黄土高原生态脆弱性明显改善，生态脆弱性指数均值从41.74下降至32.96，减幅21.0%;生态脆弱性等级也整体下降，已由中脆弱和低脆弱性占主导转化为低脆弱性占主导的格局。生态脆弱性存在明显地带性分布特征，从南到北生态脆弱性等级逐步提高。（2） 1997—2021年，51.2%的区域生态脆弱性有所改善，以中脆弱改善到低脆弱为主;4.6%的区域生态脆弱性有所增加，以一般脆弱增加至低脆弱、低脆弱增加至中脆弱为主。铜川市、延安市和榆林市辖区内生态脆弱性指数和等级均在下降，其中铜川市生态脆弱性最低，榆林市最高。3个生态功能区生态脆弱性指数和等级均在显著下降，降幅表现为：退耕还林区>风沙区>黄桥林区。（3）符合退耕条件的区域，高等级脆弱性大幅转化为低等级脆弱性，生态脆弱性得到明显改善，工程取得了较为显著的成效。（4）剖析驱动机制可以发现，人为因素和自然因素的驱动力各占83.1%和16.9%，说明生态恢复工程是区域生态脆弱性显著改善的主要驱动力。研究结果可为该区域生态恢复工程成效评估和生态可持续性修复提供科学的参考数据。

关键词: 生态恢复工程, 陕北黄土高原, 生态脆弱性, 驱动因素

Abstract:

Studying spatiotemporal changes in ecological vulnerability in the Loess Plateau region of northern Shaanxi before and after the implementation of an ecological restoration project helps to understand the impact of the project implementation on regional ecological vulnerability and provides a scientific reference for the sustainable restoration of regional ecology. This study aims to provide a scientific foundation for the sustainable restoration of the ecology in this region by leveraging multisource data and an evaluation index system built around the sensitivity-resilience-stress model. The analysis encompasses the spatiotemporal variation of ecological vulnerability in different administrative regions, diverse ecological function areas, and varying slopes in the region before and after the implementation of the project (1997 and 2021) is analyzed with the driving mechanism. The results show the following key insights: (1) The ecological vulnerability in the Loess Plateau, China, was improved substantially. The mean regional ecological vulnerability index decreases from 41.74 to 32.96, a decrease of 21.0%. This shift transforms from medium and low vulnerability to a predominantly low vulnerability pattern. (2) Ecological vulnerability in the study area exhibits a zonal distribution, and the ecological vulnerability in the south is better than that in the north. From 1997 to 2021, 51.2% of the regional ecological vulnerability in the study area was improved, mainly from medium to low vulnerability, accounting for 75.3% of the total area improved, predominantly concentrated in farmland to forest and sandstorm areas. The second notable improvement involves the shift from low to general vulnerability, accounting for 16.9% of the improved areas, mainly within the Huangqiao forest area. Conversely, 4.6% of the regional ecological vulnerability increases in the study area, with general vulnerability rising to low and low vulnerability rising to medium, accounting for 52.9% and 45.6% of the increased area of ecological vulnerability, respectively. These increases are scattered in the sandstorm areas and Huangqiao forest areas. Among the administrative units, Tongchuan City is the lowest ecologically fragile, while Yulin City is the highest, with the most vulnerable areas concentrated in Yulin City. However, the ecological vulnerability index and grade declined in the three municipal districts. Similarly, the ecological vulnerability index and grade of the three ecofunctional areas considerably decreased, with the largest decrease in the area of returning farmland to forest, followed by the wind-sand areas, and finally, the Huangqiao forest area. (3) In designated cropland-to-forest conversion zones, high-grade vulnerability largely transforms into low-grade vulnerability, leading to noticeable regional ecological improvement. (4) Analysis of the driving mechanism reveals that the driving forces of human and natural factors account for 83.1% and 16.9%, respectively. This result shows that ecological restoration projects are the main driving force for the profound improvement of regional ecological vulnerability.

Key words: ecological restoration project, the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi, ecological vulnerability, driving factors

卓静,胡皓,何慧娟,王智,杨承睿. 陕北黄土高原生态脆弱性时空变异及驱动因素分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(11): 1768-1777.

ZHUO Jing,HU Hao,HE Huijuan,WANG Zhi,YANG Chengrui. Spatiotemporal variation and driving factors of ecological vulnerability in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(11): 1768-1777.

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因素（权重）	指标	微弱影响	轻度影响	中度影响	高度影响	极严重影响	指标权重
生态敏感性（0.35）	坡度/(°)	≤2	2~5	5~10	>25	10~25	0.25
	植被覆盖度/%	0~20	20~40	40~60	80~100	60~80	0.30
	土地利用	林木	草地、水体	耕地	未利用地	居民地、工矿用地	0.45
	分级赋值	10	30	50	90	70	-
生态恢复力（0.50）	年降水量/mm	0~200	200~370	370~400	550~1500	400~550	0.25
	植被覆盖度/%	0~20	20~40	40~60	80~100	60~80	0.25
	土地利用	林木	草地、水体	耕地	未利用地	居民地、工矿用地	0.50
	分级赋值	10	30	50	90	70	-
生态压力	暴雨日数/d	<20	20~28	29~35	42~60	35~42	0.15
（0.15）	分级赋值	10	30	50	90	70	-

脆弱性指数	脆弱性分级	生态特征
70~100	高度脆弱	生态系统不完善，系统不稳定，自我修复抗干扰能力弱，生态问题十分明显
50~70	中度脆弱	生态系统尚可维持，系统较为不稳定，自我修复抗和干扰能力较弱，生态问题明显
25~50	低度脆弱	生态系统比较完整，系统较为稳定，自我修复和抗干扰能力较强，生态环境脆弱性较低，生态问题较明显
0~25	一般脆弱	生态系统结构完整，系统稳定，自我修复能力和抗干扰能力强，生态环境脆弱性低，无明显生态问题

生态脆弱性	1997年		2021年		面积变化/km²	变化幅度/%
生态脆弱性	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比/%	面积变化/km²	变化幅度/%
一般脆弱	7015.40	8.4	13398.51	16.0	6383.11	91.0
低脆弱	37410.98	44.7	64588.60	77.1	27177.62	72.7
中脆弱	37077.68	44.3	5674.41	6.8	-31403.28	-84.7
高脆弱	2269.73	2.7	112.28	0.1	-2157.45	-95.1

生态脆弱性变化	生态脆弱性等级变化	占对应变化面积的比例/%
生态脆弱性降低	低脆弱改善到一般脆弱	16.9
	中脆弱改善到一般脆弱	2.6
	中脆弱改善到低脆弱	75.3
	高脆弱改善到一般脆弱	0.1
	高脆弱改善到低脆弱	4.1
	高脆弱改善到中脆弱	1.0
	合计	100.0
生态脆弱性增加	一般脆弱增加至低脆弱	52.9
	一般脆弱增加至中脆弱	0.1
	低脆弱增加至中脆弱	45.6
	低脆弱增加至高脆弱	0.4
	中脆弱增加至高脆弱	1.0
	合计	100.0

区域	年份	面积变化	一般脆弱	低脆弱	中脆弱	高脆弱
铜川市	1997	面积/km²	800.96	2982.87	102.74	0.00
	1997	占比/%	20.6	76.7	2.7	0.0
	2021	面积/km²	1655.68	2155.72	75.17	0.00
	2021	占比/%	42.6	55.5	1.9	0.0
延安市	1997	面积/km²	6160.05	20689.20	9899.02	142.92
	1997	占比/%	16.7	56.1	26.8	0.4
	2021	面积/km²	10798.75	25692.80	342.37	0.02
	2021	占比/%	29.3	69.8	0.9	0.0
榆林市	1997	面积/km²	54.40	13738.91	27075.92	2126.80
	1997	占比/%	0.1	32.0	63.0	4.9
	2021	面积/km²	944.08	36740.08	5256.86	112.26
	2021	占比/%	2.2	85.3	12.2	0.3