黄土高原塬面保护区降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2020.03.02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过采用Mann-Kendall趋势分析法、小波分析方法、地统计插值等方法，基于黄土高原塬面保护区及临近的21个站点的逐日降水量数据，对区域内降雨侵蚀力的时空变化，趋势及主要影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：(1) 黄土塬面保护区1960—2017年多年平均降雨量为599.2 mm；多年平均降雨侵蚀力为1 871.91 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1·a^-1，降雨侵蚀力在过去60 a来呈微弱上升趋势且变化的季节差异显著。(2) 黄土高原塬面保护区降雨侵蚀力的空间分布大体呈由南部向两侧递减的趋势，Mann-Kendall Z值除研究区北部、东部呈下降趋势，其余区域都为上升趋势。(3) 黄土高原塬面保护区降雨侵蚀力多年存在32 a的大周期，在大周期内还存在13 a、52 a的小周期。(4) 影响北半球中高纬度地区的主要的大气环流因子中仅Cold & Warm Episodes by Season因子的波动对整个区域和陕西塬区的降雨侵蚀力有一定影响，二者存在一定的负相关性，其余环流指数与降雨侵蚀力没有显著的关联性；此外太阳黑子与陕西塬区降水侵蚀力变化规律存在一定的正相关，与其他塬区并无显著关联性。

关键词: 黄土高原, 降雨侵蚀力, 时空分布, 影响因素

Abstract:

Based on daily precipitation data for the table land-protected area,this paper analyzed temporal and spatial variation and trends and explored the main factors influencing rainfall erosion according to Mann-Kendall analysis,wavelet analysis and statistical methods.Results reveal as follows:(1) The average annual rainfall of the Loess Plateau protected area in Shanxi,Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces,China over the past 60 years is 599.2 mm,the average annual rainfall erosivity is 1 871.91 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1·a^-1,and the rainfall erosivity is.There has been a slight upward trend over the past 60 years and seasonal differences have changed significantly.(2) The spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity in the Loess Plateau protected area is found to generally decrease from the south to both sides.The Mann-Kendall Z value shows a downward trend except for the northern and eastern parts of the study area,while all other regions show an upward trend.(3) The rainfall erosivity of the Loess Plateau protected area has a long period of 32 years,also showing 13 years and 52 years of shorter periods during the time period studied.(4) Of the main atmospheric circulation factors affecting the midhigh latitudes in the northern hemisphere,only the factor reflecting the fluctuation of cold and warm episodes by season has a significant effect on rainfall erosion of the entire region and the Shaanxi highland.There is a negative correlation between the two and the remaining circulation index.There is found to be no significant correlation with rainfall erosion;in addition,sunspots show a positive correlation with the change law of precipitation erosion in Shaanxi plateau area,but no significant correlation with the other plateau areas.

Key words: Loess Plateau, rainfall erosion, spatial and temporal distribution, influence factor

孙从建, 王佳瑞, 郑振婧, 陈伟, 孙九林. 黄土高原塬面保护区降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

[J]. 干旱区地理, 2020, 43(3): 568-576.

SUN Cong-jian, WANG Jia-rui, ZHENG Zhen-jing, CHEN Wei, SUN Jiu-lin.

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of rainfall erosivity and its influencing factors in the protected area of the Loess Plateau [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2020, 43(3): 568-576.

参考文献［28］

［1］	孙从建,张文强,李新功,等.基于遥感影像的黄土高原沟壑区生态效应评价［J］．农业工程学报2019,35(12)：165-172．［SUN Congjian,ZHANG Wenqiang,LI Xingong,et al.Evaluation of ecological effect of gully region of Loess Plateau based on remote sensing image［J］.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2019,35(12)：165-172．］
［2］	李桂芳,郑粉莉,卢嘉,等.降雨和地形因子对黑土坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响［J］．农业机械学报,2015,46(4)：147-154,182．［LI Guifang,ZHENG Fenli,LU Jia,et al.Effects of rainfall and topography on soil erosion processes of black soil hillslope［J］.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(4)：147-154,182．］
［3］	钟科元,郑粉莉.1960—2014年松花江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究［J］．自然资源学报,2017,32(2)：278-291．［ZHONG Keyuan,ZHENG Fenli.Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of rainfall erosivity in the Songhua River Basin from 1960 to 2014［J］.Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(2)：278-291．］
［4］	刘斌涛,陶和平,宋春风,等.我国西南山区降雨侵蚀力时空变化趋势研究［J］．地球科学进展,2012, 27(5)：499-509．［LIU Bintao,TAO Heping,SONG Chunfeng,et al.Temporal and spatial variations of rainfall erosivity in southwest China from 1960 to 2009［J］.Advances in Earth Science,2012,27(5)：499-509．］
［5］	王凯,陈璐,马金辉,等.TRMM数据在中国降雨侵蚀力计算中的应用［J］．干旱区地理,2015,38(5)：948-959．［WANG Kai,CHEN Lu,MA Jinhui,et al.Calculation of rainfall erosivity in China with TRMM data［J］.Arid Land Geography,2015,38(5)： 948-959．］
［6］	胡琳,苏静,桑永枝,等.陕西省降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征［J］．干旱区地理,2014,37(6)：1101-1107．［HU Lin,SU Jing,SANG Yongzhi,et al.Spatial and temporal characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Shaanxi Province［J］.Arid Land Geography,2014,37(6)：1101-1107．］
［7］	章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究［J］．地理科学,2002,(6)：705-711．［ZHANG Wenbo,XIE Yun,LIU Baoyuan．Rainfall erosivity estimation using daily rainfall amounts［J］.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,(6)：705-711．］
［8］	马岚,黄生志,黄强,等．渭河流域降雨与降雨侵蚀力变化的原因分析［J］．水土保持学报,2018,32(1):174-189．［MA Lan,HUANG Shengzhi,HUANG Qiang,et al.Causes analyzing of the change of rainfall and rainfall erosivity in Weihe River Basin［J］.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(1):174-189．］
［9］	秦伟,朱清科,刘广全,等.北洛河上游生态建设的水沙调控效应［J］．水利学报,2010,41(11)：1325-1332．［QIN Wei,ZHU Qingke,LIU Guangquan,et al.Regulation effects of runoff and sediment of ecological conservation in the upper reaches of Beiluo River［J］.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2010,41(11)：1325-1332．］
［10］	张新,李启权,郭佳,等.董志塬核心区降雨侵蚀力时间分布及变化趋势［J］．干旱区研究,2014,31(6):1078-1085．［ZHANG Xin,LI Qiquan,GUO Jia,et al.Temporal distribution characteristics and variation trend of rainfall erosivity in the core area of Dongzhi Tableland［J］.Arid Zone Research,2014,31(6)：1078-1085．］
［11］	穆兴民,戴海伦,高鹏,等.陕北黄土高原降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究［J］．干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(3)：37-43．［MU Xingmin,DAI Hailun,GAO Peng,et al.Spatial temporal characteristics of rainfall erosivity in northern Shanxi region in the Loess Plateau［J］.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2010,24(3)：37-43．］
［12］	KEO Soksamnang,何洪鸣,赵宏飞,等.黄土高原50余年来降雨侵蚀力变化及其对土壤侵蚀的影响［J］．水土保持研究,2018,25(2)：1-7．［KEO Soksamnang,HE Hongming,ZHAO Hongfei,et al.Analysis of rainfall erosivity change and its impacts on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau over more than 50 years［J］.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,25(2)：1-7．］
［13］	中华人民共和国水利部.水利部农业综合开发水土保持东北黑土区侵蚀沟综合治理和黄土高原塬面保护实施规划［R］．北京：水利部办公厅,2017．［Ministry of Water Resources of the People’ s Republic of China.Comprehensive agricultural development and soilwater conservation implementation plan of Ministry of Water Resources of the People’ s Republic of China for overall treatment to erosion gully in black soil region in northeast China and protection to tableland surface in Loess Plateau［R］.Beijing:General Office of the Ministry of Water Resources of the People[JP8]’[JP]s Republic of China,2017.］
［14］	孙从建，侯慧新，陈伟，等．典型黄土塬区不同植物措施水土保持效应分析［J］．自然资源学报，2019， (7)：1405-1416．［SUN Congjian，HOU Huixin，CHEN Wei，et al．Effects of different plant measures on soil and water conservation in typical tableland zones on the Loess Plateau［J］．Journal of Natural Resources，2019，(7)：1405-1416．］
［15］	徐香兰,张科利,徐宪立,等.黄土高原地区土壤有机碳估算及其分布规律分析［J］．水土保持学报,2003,(3)：13-15．［XU Xianglan,ZHANG Keli,XU Xianli,et al．Spatial distribution and estimating of soil organic carbon on Loess Plateau［J］.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,(3)：13-15．］
［16］	KENDALL M G．Rank correlation methods［J］．British Journal of Psychology,1990,25(1)：86-91.
［17］	GRINSTED A,MOORE J C,JEVREJEVA S.Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series［J］.Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics,2004,11(5/6)：561-566．
［18］	王蕊,陈阿娇,贺新光．长江流域月降水的时空变化及其与AO/NAO的时滞相关分析［J］.气象科学,2018,38(6)：730-738．［WANG Rui,CHEN Ajiao,HE Xinguang． Analysis on spatiotemporal variability of monthly precipitation and its lag correlation with AO and NAO in Yangtze River Basin［J］.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences,2018,38(6)：730-738．］
［19］	唐见,曹慧群,陈进.长江源区水文气象要素变化及其与大尺度环流因子关系研究［J］．自然资源学报,2018,33(5)：122-134．［TANG Jian,CAO Huiqun,CHEN Jing.Changes of hydro-meteorological factors and the relationships with largescale circulation factors in the source region of the Yangtze River［J］.Journal of Natural Resources,2018,33(5)：122-134．］
［20］	胡胜,邱海军,宋进喜,等.气候变化对秦岭北坡径流过程的影响机制研究——以灞河流域为例［J］．干旱区地理,2017,40(5)：967-978．［HU Sheng,QIU Haijun,SONG Jinxi,et al.Influencing mechanisms of climate change on runoff process in the north slope of Qinling Mountains：A case of the Bahe River Basin［J］.Arid Land Geography,2017,40(5)：967-978．］
［21］	刘斌涛,陶和平,宋春风,等.1960—2009年中国降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势［J］.地理研究,2013,32(2)：245-256．［LIU Bintao,TAO Heping,SONG Chunfeng,et al.Temporal and spatial variations of rainfall erosivity in China during 1960 to 2009［J］.Geographical Research,2013,32(2)：245-256．］
［22］	徐晶,徐征和,李伟,等.济南市1970—2016年降雨侵蚀力时空变化［J］．山地学报,2018,36(3)：391-400．［XU Jing,XU Zhenghe,LI Wei,et al.Temporal and spatial changes of rainfall erosivity during 1970-2016 in Jinan City,China［J］.Mountain Research,2018,36(3)：391-400．］
［23］	范俊甫,何惠馨,郭兵.1980—2015年黄河流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化分析［J］．地球信息科学学报,2018,20(2)：196-204．［FAN Junfu,HE Huixin,GUO Bing.Temporal and spatial variations of rainfall erosivity in Yellow River from 1980 to 2015［J］.GeoInformation Science,2018,20(2)：196-204．］
［24］	余寒,杨凯,闵俊杰,等.近50 a江苏省降雨侵蚀力的时空变化［J］．江西农业学报,2018,30(10)：106-111．［YU Han,YANG Kai,MIN Junjie,et al.Spatiotemporal variations of rainfall erosivity in Jiangsu Province in recent 50 years［J］.Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2018,30(10)：106-111．］
［25］	邱美娟,穆佳,郭春明,等.1961—2015年吉林省降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征［J］．水土保持通报,2017,37(4)：295-302．［QIU Meijuan,MU Jia,GUO Chunming,et al.Temporalspatial variation characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Jilin Province during 1961 to 2015［J］.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(4)：295-302．］
［26］	汪言在,苟诗薇.重庆市降雨侵蚀力空间格局及其变化［J］．地理科学,2013,33(1)：116-122．［WANG Yanzai,GOU Shiwei.The spatial-temporal pattern and changes of rainfall erosivity in Chongqing［J］.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(1)：116-122．］
［27］	彭玉芝,范建容,于江,等.金沙江流域降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征［J］．水土保持通报,2018,38(2)：8-13．［PENG Yuzhi,FAN Jianrong,YU Jiang,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall erosivity in Jinsha River Basin［J］.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,38(2)：8-13．］
［28］	严冬,范建容,郭芬芬,等．西藏地区降水侵蚀力时空分布研究［J］．水土保持通报,2010,30(4)：17-21．［YAN Dong,FAN Jianrong,GUO Fenfen,et al.Spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation erosivity in Tibet autonomous region［J］.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,30(4)：17-21．］

[1]	王瑞, 郭荔, 戴俊骋, 程哲. 中国包容性旅游发展评估及空间格局研究——基于287个城市面板数据[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(1): 127-136.
[2]	江岳坤, 石鹏娟. 中国市域城乡收入差距时空演化及影响因素[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(1): 147-157.
[3]	李适宜, 关全力. 农户灌溉行为目标对灌溉用水效率的影响研究——以沙雅县为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(1): 48-57.
[4]	杨雨, 宋福铁, 张杰. 基于地理探测器的中国金融网络空间结构特征及影响因素研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(9): 1524-1535.
[5]	李建辉, 陈琳, 党争. 黄河流域爱国主义教育基地空间格局及影响因素研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(9): 1536-1544.
[6]	唐太斌, 周保, 金晓媚, 魏赛拉加, 马涛, 张永艳. 黄河源区夏季地表温度变化研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(8): 1250-1259.
[7]	张昊, 韩增林, 乔国荣, 王辉, 王宏业, 段冶. 黄河流域城市间旅游经济联系格局及影响因素研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(8): 1344-1354.
[8]	白洋,胡静轩,陈春燕,路雯. 旅游援疆效率的区域差异和影响因素——基于三阶段DEA和Tobit模型[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(8): 1366-1375.
[9]	吴海娟, 郑芳, 易洁琰. 生态移民村镇居民居住满意度及其影响因素研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(8): 1387-1396.
[10]	李乐乐, 钞锦龙, 赵德一, 李浩杰, 吴林栋, 李佳骏. 1957—2019年山西省暴雨时空分布特征与暴雨灾害风险评估[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(5): 689-699.
[11]	孔德明, 郝丽莎, 夏四友, 李红波. 粮食单产视角下中国北方农牧交错带粮食安全研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(5): 782-792.
[12]	任涛涛,李双双,段克勤,何锦屏. 黄土高原热浪型和缺水型骤旱时空变化特征及其影响因素[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(3): 360-370.
[13]	李鑫玉,王静璞,王周龙. 空气动力学粗糙度研究进展[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(3): 407-417.
[14]	杨玉欢,贺建雄,张新红,芮旸. 中国农文旅耦合协调发展空间分异特征及影响肌理[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(3): 448-459.
[15]	田小波,胡静,贾垚焱,朱磊. 高质量发展阶段旅游业发展水平空间分异成因探测——基于因素分解的黄河流域实证[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(3): 460-470.