河套平原土壤风蚀风险评估

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.323

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤风蚀是沙漠化的首要环节，评估其发生的可能性和潜在风险对区域风蚀防治具有重要意义。现有风险评估模型缺乏表征土壤可蚀性的力学参数。鉴于此，通过野外实测土壤硬度和抗剪强度，比较了河套平原不同土地利用类型的土壤可蚀性，采用抗剪强度、气候条件、地形地貌和植被特征等影响因子，建立了土壤风蚀风险评估模型。结果表明：（1）沙地土壤硬度和抗剪强度的中值分别为2.05 kg·cm^-2和10.00 kPa，远小于其他土地利用类型，土壤可蚀性极高。（2）土壤风蚀风险具有明显的空间分异性，在空间上大致呈“西部、南缘高，中、东部较低”的特征，风蚀风险以轻险型和危险型为主，土壤可蚀性和植被盖度是影响土壤风蚀风险的重要因素。（3）风蚀极险型和强险型约占研究区总面积的27.51%，主要分布在磴口县大部、黄河两岸、托克托县以及乌拉特前旗境内的乌梁素海东部，该区沙源物质丰富、风沙危害剧烈，是土壤风蚀的重点防护区域。

关键词: 河套平原, 土壤风蚀, 风险评估, 抗剪强度, 模糊逻辑

Abstract:

Soil wind erosion is the primary stage and important component of desertification in arid and semiarid regions. Evaluating its possibility and potential risk for wind erosion control at the regional level is of considerable importance. In recent years, remote sensing and geographic information technology are often combined with mathematical methods to build a risk assessment model. However, the current risk models of wind erosion are still lacking in mechanical parameters. This study was conducted in the Hetao Plain of China, which is a typical region of wind erosion and desertification. Soil hardness and shear strength were measured in the field to determine the difference in soil erodibility among different land use types. Wind erosion risk was evaluated using fuzzy logic, analytic hierarchy process, and the weighted linear combination method based on the data of climate conditions, soil physical factors, topography, and vegetation characteristics. Then, the spatial distribution characteristics and causes of different risk areas were analyzed. The following results are presented. (1) The shear strength of land use types shows an increased tendency in the order of sandy land, grassland, woodland, cultivated land, and saline land, which agreed well with the soil hardness. The soil hardness and shear strength of sandy land are 2.05 kg·cm^-2 and 10.00 kPa, respectively, which are significantly lower than those of other land use types, indicating that the soil erodibility of sandy land is extremely high. (2) The wind erosion risk varied in spatial distribution. Wind erosion hazard is high in the west and south and low in the eastern and middle regions. Moreover, 27.51% of the total areas are found to be at a high risk of erosion. Thus, soil erodibility and vegetation coverage are essential factors affecting soil wind erosion. (3) The severe risk region is mainly distributed in most of Dengkou County, the edge of the south bank of the Yellow River, Togtoh County, and the east of Wuliangsuhai in the Urad Front Banner. Therefore, this area should be the focus of wind erosion control. The current research demonstrates strong universality and compensates for the shortcomings of existing wind erosion models, which can provide a theoretical basis for regional-scale wind erosion assessment models.

Key words: Hetao Plain, soil wind erosion, risk assessment, shear strength, fuzzy logic

吴盈盈,王振亭. 河套平原土壤风蚀风险评估[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(3): 418-427.

WU Yingying,WANG Zhenting. Risk assessment of soil wind erosion in Hetao Plain[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(3): 418-427.

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风蚀指标	土壤可蚀性	植被盖度	土壤含砂量	风蚀气候侵蚀力	地形起伏度	权重
土壤可蚀性	1	1	2	7	9	0.3629
植被盖度	1	1	2	7	9	0.3629
土壤含砂量	1/2	1/2	1	3	5	0.1792
风蚀气候侵蚀力	1/7	1/7	1/3	1	2	0.0587
地形起伏度	1/7	1/9	1/5	1/2	1	0.0430

土地利用类型	土壤含水率 /%	抗剪强度中值 /kPa	可蚀性指数 /m⁴·(kN)^-2
草地	15.21	30.83	0.001025
林地	17.65	32.21	0.000964
耕地	17.48	37.50	0.000711
沙地	7.77	10.00	0.010000
盐碱地	61.95	54.33	0.000339

风蚀风险等级	土壤风蚀风险评估指数	面积/km²	比例/%
轻险型	<0.266	9774	32.84
危险型	0.266~0.400	11800	39.65
强险型	0.400~0.641	5214	17.52
极险型	>0.641	2974	9.99