基于 GIS 的内蒙古半农半牧区地名景观空间分布特征研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2020.06.26

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 扎鲁特旗地处兴安岭余脉到辽河平原北部，跨中国地形二三阶梯，因各种自然条件所限形成了南农北牧、中间交叉的农牧交错带。通过以内蒙古扎鲁特旗 3 349 处地名作为考察对象，运用核密度估计、地理集中指数及冷热点分析等方法对地名景观的空间分布规律和特征进行分析。研究发现：（1）研究区自然景观地名主要集中在西部及北部丘陵和中、小山地区，地形地貌类地名集中分布于地形过渡区，即地形起伏较大的地区。水文地名主要分布在相对低海拔地区，与河流大小关系不明显，呈南北均匀分布，呈现出水资源缺乏的干旱半干旱地区地名分布特征；（2）人文景观类地名多分布于中部与南部地区，其分布特征看，人文聚落地名与自然水文地名的关系最为密切，在中部地区随河流带状分布，并且因农业依赖水资源的特征而地表水、地下水富集的相对低海拔区和滨河地区集中的规律。这也是半农半牧地区聚落分布的特点。（3）人文地名经历从清初的随机分布到现在的集中分布的过程，大多人文地名在近百年内形成，其中聚落地名从清初的小型聚落到清末蒙地放垦后初具规模，再发展到现在较有规模的集中聚落。经济、交通、建筑类地名是上世纪 80 年代以来随工业化、城镇化而逐渐集结。（4）研究区地名整体分布看,影响自然地名的主要因子是地貌、水文条件、气象气候、地名认知等，而人文地名的分布受自然因素外，还有政策、人口活动、城镇化与经济发展程度有关。

关键词: GIS, 地名, 核密度估计, 冷热点分析, 扎鲁特旗

Abstract: The Jarud Banner is located in the fringe of the Hinggan Mountains to the north of Liaohe Plain, and it crosses the second and third steps of the Chinese terrain. Due to the limitation of various natural conditions, the southern region is the farming area, the northern region is the pastoral area, while the central region is the farming- pastoral ecotone. This paper takes 3 349 place names in Jarud Banner, Inner Mongolia, China as the investigation object. It applies methods of kernel density estimation, geographic concentration index, cold and hot spot analysis, etc. to analyze the spatial distribution rules and characteristics of the toponymy landscapes. Research results reveal that: (1) In the study regions, the natural landscape place names are mainly concentrated in the west, north hills, middle, and small mountains regions. Landform place names are concentrated in terrain transition zone, namely areas with great fluctuation landform. Hydrological place names are mainly distributed in relatively low altitude region and have no obvious relationship with the size of rivers. They evenly distribute from south to north and show the place names distribution of arid and semi-arid region with water shortage. (2) The human landscape place names are mostly distributed in midland and south region. In terms of the distribution characteristics, human settlements place names have the closest relationship with natural hydrological place name. They show zonal distribution in the midland with reverse and depend on water resources because of the agriculture. Moreover, the rule of surface water and groundwater are concentrated in low altitude region and riverside region. These are also the characteristics of the settlement distribution in farming- pastoral region. (3) The human place name has gone through the process of random distribution from the early Qing Dynasty to modern centralized distribution. Most human place names are formed in the last 100 a. The settlements place names begun to take shape from the small settlements in the early Qing Dynasty to the land liberated in the late Qing Dynasty. They then develop to the current centralized distribution of scale. The place names of economy, transportation, and architecture have been gradually gathered with industrialization and urbanization since the 1980s. (4) In terms of the overall distribution of the study regions, the natural place name distribution is more affected by factors such as climate, terrain, rivers, place names recognition, and etc. However, in additional to the natural factors, the human place name distribution is related to politics, population activities, urbanization, and degree of economic development.

Key words: GIS, place name, kernel density estimation, cold and hot spot analysis, Jarud Banner

苏都尔, 那顺达来, 其力木格, 东方杰 . 基于 GIS 的内蒙古半农半牧区地名景观空间分布特征研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2020, 43(6): 1648-1656.

Suduer, Nashundalai, Qilimuge, DONG Fang-jie. Spatial distribution of place-names in farming-pastoral region based on GIS: A case study of Jarud Banner, Inner Mongolia[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2020, 43(6): 1648-1656.

参考文献 28

[1]	中国大百科全书总编辑委员会《地理学》编辑委员会. 中国大百科全书. 地理学·地名条 [Z]. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 1992. [Geography Editorial Committee, Chief Editorial Committee of the Encyclopedia of China. Geographical fascicle of Encyclope⁃ dia of China: Toponymic entries[Z]. Beijing: China Encyclopedia Press, 1992. ]
[2]	STEPHEN J C. Place naming, environment, and perception among the Canyon de Chelly Navajo of Arizona[J]. The Professional Geog⁃ rapher, 1997, 49(4) : 481-493.
[3]	SANDRED K I. English stead: A changeable place-name element in a changing community[J]. Studia Neophiliologica, 2001, 73: 164-170.
[4]	GRAEME G. Changing symbols: The renovation of Moscow place⁃ names[J]. The Russian Review, 2005, 64(3): 480-503.
[5]	华林甫. 中国地名学源流[M]. 长沙: 湖南人民出版社, 2002: 35- 68. [HUA Linfu. Origins of toponymy in China[M]. Changsha: Hu⁃ nan People’s Publishing House, 2002: 35-68. ]
[6]	华林甫. 中国地名学史考论[M]. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2002: 14- 31. [HUA Linfu. On the history of toponymy in China [M]. Beijing: Social Sciences Literature Press, 2002: 14-31. ]
[7]	顾永. 近代国内地名研究综述 [J]. 学理论, 2017, 23(6), 147- 149. [GU Yong. A summary of the study of geographical names in modern China[J]. Academic Theory, 2017, 23(6), 147-149. ]
[8]	牛汝辰. 清代中国边疆地名研究综述[J]. 中国边疆史地研究, 1989, 2(3): 33-35. [NIU Ruchen. A summary of the study of Chi⁃ nese frontier place names in Qing Dynasty[J]. China’s Borderland History and Geography Studies, 1989, 2(3): 33-35. ]
[9]	金峰. 蒙古历史地名初探[J]. 内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 1984, 25(2): 32- 39. [JIN Feng. A preliminary study on the historical place names of Mongolia[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 1984, 25(2): 32-39. ]
[10]	那顺达来.《大清会典》、《蒙古游牧记》喀尔喀地名误读考辨[J]. 内蒙古师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2011, 40(6): 89-94. [Na Shundalai. A textual research about the misreadings of the place name of Ka’erka in“The Records of Laws and Systems of the Qing Dynasty”and“A Note of Mongolian Nomadic Life”[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University (Philosophy and So⁃ cial Sciences), 2011, 40(6): 89-94. ]
[11]	文朋陵, 许建国. 数理统计方法在地名研究中的应用——以江苏村镇命名类型区域划分为例[J]. 南京师大学报, 1998, 21(4): 116-120. [WEN Pengling, XU Jianguo. The application of mathe⁃ matical statistics method in the study of geographical names: A case study of the named types of villages and towns in Jiangsu Province[J]. Journal of Nanjing normal University, 1998, 21(4): 116-120. ]
[12]	甄峰, 秦萧, 席广, 等. 信息时代的地理学与人文地理学创新[J]. 地理科学, 2015, 35(1): 11-18. [YAN Feng, QIN Xiao, XI Guan⁃ gliang, et al. Geography and human geography innovation in the in⁃ formation age[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica , 2015, 35(1): 11-18. ]
[13]	杨立国, 刘沛林, 林琳. 传统村落景观基因在地方认同建构中的作用效应——以侗族村寨为例[J]. 地理科学, 2015, 35(5): 593- 598. [YANG Liguo, LIU Peilin, LIN Lin. The effect of traditional village landscape genes in construction place identity: Taking the Dong Minority Village as an example[J]. Scientia Geographica Si⁃ nica, 2015, 35(5): 593-598. ]
[14]	李平星, 陈诚, 陈江龙. 乡村地域多功能时空格局演变及影响因素研究——以江苏省为例[J]. 地理科学, 2015: 35(7): 845-851. [LI Pingxing, CHEN Cheng, CHEN Jianglong. A study on the evo⁃ lution and influencing factors of multifunctional space- time pat⁃ tern in rural areas: A case study of Jiangsu Province[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(7): 845-851. ]
[15]	张佰林, 张凤荣, 周建, 等. 农村居民点功能演变的微尺度分析 —— 山东省沂水县核桃园村的实证 [J]. 地理科学, 2015: 35 (10): 1272- 1279. [ZHANG Bailin, ZHANG Fengrong, ZHOU Ji⁃ an, et al. Microscale analysis of functional evolution of rural resi⁃ dential areas: An empirical study of Hetaoyuan Village, Yishui County, Shandong Province[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015 35(10): 1272-1279]
[16]	陈晨, 修春亮, 陈伟, 等. 基于 GIS 的北京地名文化景观空间分布特征及其成因 [J]. 地理科学, 2014, 34(4): 420- 429. [CHEN Chen, XIU Chunliang, CHEN Wei, et al. Spatial distribution charac⁃ teristics and causes of Beijing toponymic cultural landscape based on GIS[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(4): 420-429. ]
[17]	孙百生, 郭翠恩, 杨依天, 等, 基于 GIS 的承德乡村地名文化景观空间分布特征 [J]. 地理科学, 2017, 37(2): 244- 251(SUN Baisheng, GUO Cuien, YANG Yitian, et al. Spatial distribution of Chengde rural geographical names cultural landscape based on GIS[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(2): 244-251 )
[18]	王彬, 黄秀莲, 司徒尚纪. 广东地名语言文化空间结构及景观特征分析[J]. 人文地理, 2013, 27(1): 39-44. [WANG Bin, HUANG Xiulian, SITU Shangji. Spatial structure and landscape character⁃ istics of Cantonese language and culture[J]. Human Geography, 2013, 27(1): 39-44. ]
[19]	扎鲁特旗志编纂委员会. 扎鲁特旗志[Z]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古文化出版社, 2010. [The Jarud County Compilation Committee. Ja⁃ rud County annuals[Z]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Culture Press, 2010.
[20]	斯琴朝克图, 房艳刚, 乌兰图雅. 内蒙古农牧交错带聚落的格局特征及其形成过程研究——以扎鲁特旗为例[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2016, 30(8): 75- 80. [SI Qinchaoketu, FANG Yangang, Ulantuya. Study on the pattern characteristics and formation pro⁃ cess of the settlements in the agro-pastoral zone of Inner Mongolia: Taking Jarud Banner as an example[J]. Journal of Arid Land Re⁃ sources and Environment, 2016, 30(8): 75-80. ]
[21]	内蒙古自治区地名委员会. 内蒙古自治区地名志-哲里木盟分册 [Z]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古自治区地名志编委会, 1990. [Geo⁃ graphical Names Committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Re⁃ gion. Geographical name chorography of Inner Mongolia Autono⁃ mous Region: Fascicle of Jirem League[Z]. Hohhot: Compilation Committee of Geographical Name Chorography of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 1990. ]
[22]	周尚意, 孔翔, 朱竑. 文化地理学[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2002: 228- 229. [ZHOU Shangyi, KONG Xiang, ZHU Hong. Cul⁃ tural geography[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2002: 228- 229. ]
[23]	蔡高明, 李志斌, 高原, 等. 西北五省区经济开发区空间格局演变与主导产业变迁[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019, 42(3): 625-635. [CAI Gaoming, LI Zhibin, GAO Yuan, et al. Spatial pattern evolution and leading industries change in economic development zones of five provinces in northwest China[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019, 42(3): 625-635. ]
[24]	熊俊楠, 李伟, 刘志奇, 等. 基于多源数据的西藏东南部历史干旱监测与分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019, 42(4): 735-744. [XIONG Junnan, LI Wei, LIU Zhiqi, et al. Monitoring and analysis of histor⁃ ical drought in southeast Tibet based on multi-source data[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019, 42(4): 735-744. ]
[25]	芦学良, 王国梁, 胡炜霞, 等. 民居型景区空间分布特征及影响因素研究——以山西大院民居为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019, 42 (1): 206- 214. [LU Xueliang, WANG Guoliang, HU Weixia, et al. Spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of resi⁃ dential scenic spots: Cases of courtyard scenic spots in Shanxi Province[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019, 42(1): 206-214. ]
[26]	LI Xinhui, LEI Shaogang, CHENG Wei, et al. Spatio-temporal dy⁃ namics of vegetation in Jungar Banner of China during 2000— 2017[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(6): 837-854. ]
[27]	春兰, 秦福莹, 宝鲁, 等. 近 55 a 内蒙古极端降水指数时空变化特征 [J]. 干旱区研究, 2019, 36(4): 963- 972. [CHUN Lan, QIN Fuying, BAO Lu, et al. spatiotemporal and variation characteris⁃ tics of extreme precipitation indices in Inner Mongolia in recent 55 years[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2019, 36(4): 963-972. ]
[28]	李建华, 米文宝, 冯翠月, 等. 基于 GIS 的宁夏中卫县地名文化景观分析[J]. 人文地理, 2011, 117(1): 100-104. [LI Jianhua, MI Wenbao, FENG Cuiyue, et al. Analysis of geographical names cul⁃ tural landscape in Zhongwei County, Ningxia based on GIS[J]. Hu⁃ man Geography, 2011, 117(1): 100-104. ]