清至民国毛乌素沙地佟哈拉克泊复原及演变研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.04.20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

干旱区湖泊是环境变迁中最为敏感的地理实体之一,因此一直是历史沙漠地理研究中的重要载体。清代毛乌素沙地南缘的佟哈拉克泊又称清湖、青山湖,其定位及所纳河流今天仍有争议。通过运用古今地名定位、史料分析、地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感（RS）等方法,判断佟哈拉克泊位于今天的靖边县宁条梁镇以北的平坦地带,所纳河流应为今天的红柳河,在清末以后逐渐消亡。毛乌素沙地是人类活动改变自然环境的典型地区,佟哈拉克泊的消失跟小冰期气候背景下清代禁留地放垦、伙盘地开发有很大关系。因此,佟哈拉克泊的复原与演变研究对于揭示人类活动与环境之间的互动关系有一定的指示意义。

关键词: 佟哈拉克泊, 红柳河, 毛乌素沙地, 地理信息系统（GIS）

Abstract:

Inland lakes are sensitive to climate change and human activities in arid and semiarid areas. In the past 300 years, the Mu Us Sandy Land, north China has intensified desertification, and many lakes have shrunk or disappeared during this period. Tonghalake Lake is a desert lake on the southern edge of the Mu Us Sandy Land, which gradually disappeared from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. Not only its current location but also its evolution process and reasons for changing remain controversial. The historical changes of Tonghalake Lake have a certain significance for revealing the interactive relationship between human activities and the environment. This paper focuses on the location and evolution of Tonghalake Lake and aims to take it as an example to explore the research methods for studying the historical changes of desert lakes. We collected geographical records and ancient maps involving the Mu Us Sandy Land during the Ming Dynasty and the Republic of China, such as Illustration of Four Zhen in Shaanxi Province, Qing Dynasty National Choreography, Huangyu Quanlantu in Kangxi Reign, Shipaitu in Yongzheng Reign, Shisanpaitu in Qianlong Reign, and 1:100000 Topographic Map of Shaanxi Province of the Republic of China. The main achievements of this study focus on the following aspects. First, erstwhile studies believe that Tonghalak Lake is in the Chengchuan ancient area. Howevr, we proved that Tonghalake Lake is different from the lakes in the Chengchuan area by studying ancient maps. Second, this paper employs the GIS method to digitize the historical documents and ancient maps, combined with the DEM and remote sensing images to determine the accurate position of Tonghalake Lake. The results show that the lake is located on the northern lowland of Ningtiaoliang Town, Jingbian County, Shaanxi Province. Third, after obtaining the location of Tonghalake Lake, we can infer that its source river should be the Shiguaizigou, a tributary of the Red Willow River. Compared with the traditional historical names positioning method, this method has higher accuracy in spatial and temporal. Finally, Tonghalake Lake’s size tended to expand in the three periods of Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong, but it quickly disappeared in the late Qing Dynasty. During that time, the climate in this area was cold, and human activities intensified. The land was developed into farmland, and the population gradually increased, reaching 100000 in the 19th century. Combining historical climate records and human activities data, it can be drawn that the disappearance of Tonghalake Lake was caused by the cold climate in the little ice age, land reclamation, and population pressure. This study provides basic data and feasible multidisciplinary technical methods for the study of desert environmental change in the historical period and helps to solve the long-term controversial problems in academic areas.

Key words: Tonghalake Lake, Hongliu River, Mu Us Sandy Land, geographic information system (GIS)

卢卓瑜,崔建新,张晓虹,李鹏. 清至民国毛乌素沙地佟哈拉克泊复原及演变研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(4): 1083-1092.

LU Zhuoyu,CUI Jianxin,ZHANG Xiaohong,LI Peng. Historical changes reconstruction of Tonghalake Lake in the Mu Us Sandy Land from Qing Dynasty to Republic of China[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(4): 1083-1092.

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参考地物	文献记载距离/里	换算距离^a/km	实际直线距离/km	估算实际道路距离^b/km
左翼中旗（今伊金霍洛旗阿勒腾席热镇）至神木（今神木市）界	200	124.20	99	122
右翼前旗（今乌审旗东北巴吉代）至榆林（今榆林市榆阳区）界	230	142.83	99	136

参考地物	图上坐标与实地坐标差值		偏移距离/km
参考地物	经度差/（°）	纬度差/（°）	偏移距离/km
安定堡	-0.0142	-0.0355	4.1355
高平堡	-0.0288	-0.0154	3.0616
花马池	-0.0286	-0.0401	5.1222
盐场堡	-0.0452	0.0091	4.1185
定边营	0.0121	0.0092	1.4818
砖井堡	0.0228	0.0295	3.8468
安边堡	-0.0042	0.0231	2.5860
宁塞堡	-0.0017	0.0014	0.2185
靖边营	0.0327	-0.0049	2.9528
镇罗堡	-0.0141	-0.0011	1.2578
镇靖堡	0.0015	-0.0216	2.4025
龙州堡	-0.0088	-0.0033	0.8607
榆林卫	0.0077	-0.0805	8.9563
高家堡	-0.0114	-0.0503	5.6685
柏林堡	0.0086	0.0469	5.2555
神木县	-0.0381	0.0073	3.4020
孤山堡	0.0020	-0.0116	1.2952
府谷县	0.0358	0.0034	3.1170
差值平均数	-0.0040	-0.0075	3.3189

参考地物	图上坐标与实地坐标差值		偏移距离/km
参考地物	经度差/（°）	纬度差/（°）	偏移距离/km
安定堡	0.0006	-0.0060	0.6645
高平堡	0.0073	-0.0030	0.7237
花马池	-0.0127	-0.0080	1.4305
盐场堡	0.0332	-0.0322	4.6268
定边县	0.0366	0.0006	3.2366
砖井堡	0.0709	0.0185	6.5967
安边堡	0.0260	0.0303	4.0750
宁塞堡	0.0069	0.0198	2.2775
靖边营	0.0078	0.0205	2.3798
镇罗堡	-0.0452	0.0257	4.9184
镇靖堡	-0.0075	-0.0015	0.6880
龙州堡	-0.0071	0.0097	1.2439
榆林卫	-0.0637	-0.0261	6.2836
高家堡	0.0235	-0.0846	9.6058
柏林堡	0.0187	0.0345	4.1580
神木县	0.0891	0.0432	9.0978
孤山堡	-0.0205	0.0233	3.1378
府谷县	-0.0376	0.0006	3.2578
差值平均数	0.0070	0.0036	3.8001

参考地物	图上坐标与实地坐标差值		偏移距离/km
参考地物	经度差/（°）	纬度差/（°）	偏移距离/km
安定堡	0.0276	-0.0073	2.5578
高平堡	-0.0077	0.0295	3.3489
花马池	-0.0462	-0.0011	4.0770
盐场堡	-0.0817	0.0331	8.0928
定边县	0.0090	0.0549	6.1524
砖井堡	0.0411	-0.0202	4.2687
安边堡	-0.0122	-0.0367	4.2121
宁塞堡	-0.0110	-0.0031	1.0326
靖边县	0.0110	-0.0213	2.5616
镇罗堡	0.0121	0.0548	6.1763
镇靖堡	0.1016	-0.0277	9.4950
龙州堡	-0.0011	0.0567	6.2919
榆林县	0.0012	-0.0676	7.5041
高家堡	-0.0652	-0.0130	5.8603
柏林堡	-0.0602	0.0101	5.3618
神木县	-0.0728	0.0442	8.0018
孤山堡	-0.0038	0.0132	1.5063
府谷县	-0.0315	0.0313	4.4174
差值平均值	-0.0105	0.0072	5.0510