2000—2015年中国荒漠化土地识别和监测

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2018.06.20

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 荒漠化是生态退化的极端表现形式，包括气候变异和人类活动在内的种种因素造成的干旱、半干旱和亚湿润干旱区的土地退化。快速和准确地识别中国荒漠化地区，是防范和治理荒漠化的关键。针对2000-2015年我国陆地生态系统NPP的变化趋势、稳定性和荒漠化敏感性进行了综合分析，构建了识别荒漠化土地的技术方法。结果表明：（1）近16 a以来，我国内蒙古阴山以南、新疆天山以北、西藏阿里地区、长江以南大部地区，植被净初级生产力均出现了不同程度的下降趋势，且一半以上的区域处于植被生态系统不稳定状况；在全国56.2%的国土属于荒漠化敏感区内，上述区域容易受气候、自然条件、人为干扰等影响而发生荒漠化。（2）2000年以来，我国土地荒漠化退化区域面积约20.74×10⁴ km²，占国土总面积的2.16%。主要为五大分布区域，即内蒙古高原中部的典型草原和荒漠化草原区、新疆天山-阿尔泰山山地草原区、新疆塔里木河下游的温带荒漠和绿洲区、青藏高原的阿里-昆仑山高寒荒漠区、青海省的青南山高寒草原区。（3）荒漠化进程伴随有生产力下降、植被盖度降低和地表温度不断攀升的地表关键参数演变特征，荒漠化的形成受气候影响显著，降雨的减少是造成土地荒漠化进程突出的主要因素；人类活动、不合理的种植业、畜牧业等在一定程度上对土地荒漠化起到推动作用。

关键词: NPP, 荒漠化, 空间分布, 生态退化

Abstract: Desertification is an extreme manifestation of ecological degradation which refers to land degradation in arid,semi-arid and dry sub-humid arid regions caused by various factors including climate variability and human activities.How to identify the desertification lands quickly and accurately is the key point to prevent and control deserts and desertification.This paper analyzes the changing trend,stability and desertification sensitivity of terrestrial ecosystem NPP in China from 2000 to 2015,and constructs a technical method to identify desertification lands.The main conclusions are as follows:(1) over the past 16 years,there have been different declining levels of net primary productivity in the south of Yin Mountain in Inner Mongolia,north of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang,and most regions in the south of Yangtze River,and vegetation ecosystem is in instability state in more than half of the regions;56.2% of the country's land belongs to the desertification sensitive area,and the above area is susceptible to desertification due to climate,natural conditions and human disturbance. (2) Since 2000,the area of desertification lands in China is about 207 400 square kilometers,accounting for 2.16% of the total land area.The area can be divided into five regions,namely the typical grassland and desertification steppe in the central Inner Mongolia Plateau,the Tianshan-Altay Mountain steppe area in Xinjiang,the temperate desert and oasis area in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in Xinjiang,the alpine-desert area of the Ali-Kunlun Mountains in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and south Qinghai alpine grassland area. (3) The desertification process is accompanied by the evolution of key parameters such as the decrease of productivity,the decrease of vegetation cover and the rising surface temperature.The formation of desertification is affected by climate,and the decrease of rainfall is the main factor that causes the process of desertification.In addition,human activities and unreasonable farming and animal husbandry also formed the desertification in some extended.

Key words: NPP, desertification, spatial distribution, ecological degeneration

中图分类号:

TP79

胡云锋, 张云芝, 韩月琪. 2000—2015年中国荒漠化土地识别和监测[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(6): 1321-1332.

HU Yun-feng, ZHANG Yun-zhi, HAN Yue-qi. Identification and monitoring of desertification lands in China from 2000 to 2015[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(6): 1321-1332.

参考文献

[1] 章家恩,徐琪.生态退化研究的基本内容与框架[J].水土保持通报,1997,(6):46-53.[ZHANG Jiaen,XU Qi.Basic content and structure of ecological degradation[J].Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation,1997,(6):46-53.]
[2] 刘国华,傅伯杰,陈利顶,等.中国生态退化的主要类型、特征及分布[J].生态学报,2000,(1):14-20.[LIU Guohua,FU Bojie,CHEN Liding,et al.Characteristics and distributions of degraded ecological types in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,(1):14-20.]
[3] 董玉祥."荒漠化"与"沙漠化"[J].科技术语研究,2000,(4):18-21.[DONG Yuxiang."Desertification" and "desertification"[J].Chinese Science and Technology Terms Journal,2000,(4):18-21]
[4] VER N S R,PARUELO J M,OESTERHELD M.Assessing desertification[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2006,66(4):751-763.
[5] 丁建丽,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,熊黑钢,等.塔里木盆地南缘绿洲荒漠化动态变化遥感研究——以策勒县为例[J].遥感学报,2002,6(1):56-62+82.[DING Jianli,TIYIP Tashpolat,XIONG Heigang,et al.Study of oasis desertification dynamic change in the south of Tarim Basin[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2002,6(1):56-62+82.]
[6] 李宝林,周成虎.东北平原西部沙地沙质荒漠化的遥感监测研究[J].遥感学报,2002,6(2):117-122+163.[LI Baolin,ZHOU Chenghu.A study on monitoring sandy desertification in sandy land of west Northeast China Plain[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2002,6(2):117-122+163.]
[7] 殷贺,李正国,王仰麟.荒漠化评价研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2011,35(3):345-352.[YIN He,LI Zhengguo,WANG Yanglin.A review on the research progress of desertification assessment[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2011,35(3):345-352.]
[8] 奚砚涛,徐勇,刘欣婷.2000-2013年江苏省不同植被类型NDVI时空变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2016,(1):86-91+82.[XI Jiantao,XU Yong,LIU Xinting.Spatiotemporal changes of different vegetation coverage in Jiangsu Province in the period from 2000 to 2013[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation.2016,(1):86-91+82]
[9] SEAN T M.Convergence of terrestrial plant production across global climate gradients[J].Nature,2014,7512(512).
[10] PONCE CAMPOS G E,MORAN M S,HUETE A,et al.Ecosystem resilience despite large-scale altered hydroclimatic conditions[J].Nature,2013,494(7437):349-352.
[11] 苑全治,吴绍洪,戴尔阜,等.过去50年气候变化下中国潜在植被NPP的脆弱性评价[J].地理学报,2016,(5):797-806.[YUAN Quanzhi,WU Shaohong,DAI Erfu,et al.NPP vulnerability of China's potential vegetation to climate change in the past 50 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,(5):797-806.]
[12] WEISS E,MARSH S E,PFIRMAN E S.Application of NOAA-AVHRR NDVI time-series data to assess changes in Saudi Arabia's rangelands[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2001,22(6):1005-1027.
[13] 徐文科,蔡体久,琚存勇.基于RS和GIS的毛乌素沙地荒漠化程度定量估测[J].林业科学,2007,43(5):48-53.[XU Wenke,CAI Tijiu,JU Cunyong.Quantitative estimation of desertification degree based on RS and GIS in Mu Us Sandland,Inner Mongolia[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2007,43(5):48-53.]
[14] 刘军会,高吉喜,马苏,等.内蒙古生态环境敏感性综合评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,(2):591-598.[LIU Junhui,GAO Jixi,MA Su,et al.Comprehensive evaluation of eco-environmental sensitivity in Inner Mongolia,China[J].China Environmental Science,2015,(2):591-598.]
[15] 刘军会,高吉喜,马苏,等.中国生态环境敏感区评价[J].自然资源学报,2015,(10):1607-1616.[LIU Junhui,GAO Jixi,MA Su,et al.Evaluation of ecological sensitivity in China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,(10):1607-1616.]
[16] 张龙生,王建宏,尚立照.基于土地退化的甘肃省生态脆弱性评价研究[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(4):783-787.[ZHANG Longsheng,WANG Jianhong,SHANG Lizhao.Ecological vulnerability assessment based on land degradation data in Gansu Province[J].Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(4):783-787.]
[17] 赵平,彭少麟,张经炜.生态系统的脆弱性与退化生态系统[J].热带亚热带植物学报,1998,(3):179-186.[ZHAO Ping,PENG Shaolin,ZHANG Jingwei.The fragility of ecosystem and the restoration of degraded ecosystem[J].Journal of Tropical & Subtropical Botany,1998,(3):179-186.]
[18] 欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国生态环境敏感性及其区域差异规律研究[J].生态学报,2000,(1):10-13.[OUYANG Zhiyun,WANG Xiaoke,MIAO Hong.China's eco-environmental sensitivity and its spatial heterogeneity[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,(1):10-13.]
[19] 金远亮,彭华,闫罗彬,等.中国南方湿润区"荒漠化"问题讨论[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(6):772-780.[JIN Yuanliang,PENG Hua,YAN Luobin,et al.Discussion on desertification of humid region in southern China[J].Progress in Geography,2015,34(6):772-780.]
[20] 生态功能区划暂行规程[EB/OL].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/.[Temporary regulation of ecological function zoning[EB/OL].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/.]
[21] 中国科学院自然区划工作委员会.中国气候区划(初稿)[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1956.[Natural Zoning Work Committee Chinese Academy of Sciences.China's climate zoning (first draft)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1956.]
[22] STOW D,DAESCHNER S,HOPE A,et al.Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2003,24(5):1111-1117.
[23] 潘竟虎,黄克军,李真.2001-2010年疏勒河流域植被净初级生产力时空变化及其与气候因子的关系[J].生态学报,2017:1888-1899.[PAN Jinghu,HUANG Kejun,LI Zhen.Spatio-temporal variation in vegetation net primary productivity and its relationship with climatic factors in the Shule River Basin from 2001 to 2010[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017:1888-1899.]
[24] 叶辉,王军邦,黄玫,等.青藏高原植被降水利用效率的空间格局及其对降水和气温的响应[J].植物生态学报.2012,36(12):1237-1247.[YE Hui,WANG Junbang,HUANG Mei,et al.Spatial pattern of vegetation precipitation use efficiency and its response to precipitation and temperature on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2012,36(12):1237-1247.]
[25] 张仁平,冯琦胜,郭靖,等.2000-2012年中国北方草地NDVI和气候因子时空变化[J].中国沙漠.2015,35(5):1403-1412.[ZHANG Renping,FENG Qisheng,GUO Jing,et al.Spatio-temporal changes of NDVI and climatic factors of grassland in northern China from 2000 to 2012[J].Journal of Desert Research,2015,35(5):1403-1412.]
[26] 刘纪远,布和敖斯尔.中国土地利用变化现代过程时空特征的研究——基于卫星遥感数据[J].第四纪研究,2000,20(3):229-239.[LIU Jiyuan,AOSER B.Study on spatial-temporal feature of modern land use change in China:Using remote sensing techniques[J].Quaternary Sciences,2000,20(3):229-239.]