冰川冰储量计算方法及发展趋势

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2018.06.08

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 冰川冰储量不仅是冰川的重要属性，而且是核算冰川水资源及预测冰川变化的基础数据，因此准确计算冰川冰储量及其变化具有重要的理论与现实意义。目前冰川储量估算的主要方法有经验公式法、冰厚模型估算法、探地雷达法；冰川储量相对变化计算方法有实地测量法和遥感监测法。通过系统分析和讨论各计算方法的原理、现状及存在的问题，以期为冰川储量估算提供方法参考。研究表明：对于冰川冰储量计算而言，经验公式法适用于区域性或全球性的冰川储量估算；模型估算法适用于个体或小范围冰川储量估算；探地雷达法适用于人类易到达区域冰川储量的估算。对于冰川冰储量相对变化计算，实地测量法适用于对精度要求高且满足实地测量条件的单条或中小型冰川，遥感监测法适用于全球性冰储量变化估算，但需改进算法和提高数据空间分辨率。目前，随着无人机技术的逐步应用，以及冰川流速等理论模型的提出，为冰川冰储量估算方法的发展提供了新契机。

关键词: 冰川, 冰川储量, 冰川厚度, 物质平衡, 计算方法

Abstract: Ice volume is not only the crucial glacier property but also the foundational data in computing glacial water resources and predicting glacial change.Therefore,it is of vitally theoretical and practical significance for exactly computing glacier volume and variation.In this paper,we analyzed and discussed the principles,developments and problems of existing methods in order to provide the reference for the estimation of glacier volume.At present,major methods of estimating glacier volume include volume-area empirical formula method,method of ice thickness estimation models and GPR,and computational methods to estimate relative change of glacier volume include mainly the field measurement,the estimation method based on remotely sensed data and gravimetric method.The volume-area empirical formula method was used to estimate regional or global glacier volume simply and fleetly;the method of ice thickness estimation models were suitable to estimate single or small-scale glacier volume and do not need the input of measured data.The GPR was applied to estimate glacier volume where human beings can reach easily.The field measurement with the most accurate result fits to estimate glacier volume change specifically for single glacier as well as small or medium-sized glaciers that require the high accuracy and meet the conditions of field measurement.The method based on remotely sensed data is applicable to estimate glacier volume change globally,so it needs to improve the algorithm and enhance the spatial resolution of the data.GRACE has the characteristic of wide coverage but has a low spatial resolution,so it is necessary to modify the spherical harmonic domain and spatial domain and improve the spatial resolution when applied to small regional glaciers.With the emergence of new technology and theory,the multi-disciplinary fusion provides new opportunities for the improvement of the estimation accuracy of glacier volume.The development of the estimation models and continuous supplement of the glacier inventory data offer new chances and data support for estimation of glacier volume.

Key words: glacier, glacier volume, glacier thickness, mass balance, calculation method

中图分类号:

P931.4

高永鹏, 姚晓军, 刘时银, 祁苗苗, 宫鹏, 安丽娜, 李晓锋, 段红玉. 冰川冰储量计算方法及发展趋势[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(6): 1204-1213.

GAO Yong-peng, YAO Xiao-jun, LIU Shi-yin, QI Miao-miao, GONG Peng, AN Li-na, LI Xiao-feng, DUAN Hong-yu. Methods and future trend of ice volume calculation of glacier[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(6): 1204-1213.

参考文献

[1] OERLEMANS J.Quantifying global warming from the retreat of glaciers[J].Science,1994,264(5156):243-245.
[2] HUSS M,FARINOTTI D.Distributed ice thickness and volume of all glaciers around the globe[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2012,117(F4).
[3] 刘时银,姚晓军,郭万钦,等.基于第二次冰川编目的中国冰川现状[J].地理学报,2015,70(1):3-16.[LIU Shiyin,YAO Xiaojun,GUO Wanqin,et al.The contemporary glaciers in China base on the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(1):3-16.]
[4] SORG A,BOLCH T,STOFFEL M,et al.Climate change impacts on glaciers and runoff in Tien Shan (Central Asia)[J].Nature Climate Change,2012,2(10):725-731.
[5] HUGGEL C,KAAB A,HAEBERLI W,et al.Regional-scale GIS-models for assessment of hazards from glacier lake outbursts:Evaluation and application in the Swiss Alps[J].Natural Hazards & Earth System Sciences,2003,3(6):647-662.
[6] RESS H G,COLLINS D N.Regional differences in response of flow in glacier-fed Himalayan rivers to climatic warming[J].Hydrological Processes,2006,20(10):2157-2169.
[7] FREY H,MACHGUTH H,HUSS M,et al.Estimating the volume of glaciers in the Himalayan-Karakoram region using different methods[J].Cryosphere,2014,8(6):2313-2333.
[8] RADIC V,HOCK R.Glaciers in the earth's hydrological cycle:Assessments of glacier mass and runoff changes on global and regional scales[J].Surveys in Geophysics,2013,35(3):813-837.
[9] ERASOV N V.Method to determine the volume of mountain glaciers[J].Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovanii:Khronika,Obsuzhdeniya,1968,14:307-308.
[10] SHI Yafeng,WANG Zongtai,LIU Chaohai.Note on the glacier inventory in Qilian Shan Mountains[J].Glacier Inventory of China,1981,1:1-9.
[11] MACHERET Y Y,ZHURAVLEV A B.Radio echo-sounding of Svalbard glaciers[J].Journal of Glaciology,1982,28(99):295-314.
[12] CHIZHOV O P,KOTLYAKOV V M.Studies of the antarctic and present-day concepts of global glaciation[J].Annals of Glaciology,1983,3(1):50-53.
[13] GRABIEC M,JANIA J,PUCZKO D,et al.Surface and bed morphology of Hansbreen,a tidewater glacier in Spitsbergen[J].Polish Polar Research,2012,33(33):111-138.
[14] ZHURAVLEV A B.Thickness,subglacial relief and volume of Svalbard glaciers based on radio echosounding data[J].Polar Geography,1985,9(3):224-243.
[15] DRIEDGER C L,KENNARD P M.Ice volumes on cascade volcanoes; Mount Rainier,Mount Hood,Three Sisters,and Mount Shasta[R].US Geological Survey,1986.
[16] ZHURAVLEV A.The relation between glacier area and volume[J].Data of Glaciological Studies,1988,40(5):441-456.
[17] KOTLYAKOV V M,MACHERET Y Y.Radio echo-sounding of sub-polar glaciers in Svalbard:Some problems and results of soviet studies[J].Annals of Glaciology,1987,9(1):151-159.
[18] CHEN J,OHMURA A.Estimation of alpine glacier water resources and their change since the 1870s[J].IAHS publ,1990,193:127-135.
[19] MEIER M F,BAHR D B.Counting glaciers:Use of scaling methods to estimate the number and size distribution of the glaciers of the world[M]//Glaciers,Ice Sheets and Volcanoes:A Tribute to Mark F.Meier.CRREL Special Report,1996,96:89-94.
[20] BAHR D B.Global distributions of glacier properties:A stochastic scaling paradigm[J].Water Resources Research,1997,33(7):1669-1680.
[21] BAHR D B,MEIER M F, PECKHAM S D.The physical basis of glacier volume-area scaling[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1997,102(B9):20355-20362.
[22] WALRSWV D,WILD M.Modelling the response of glaciers to climate change by applying volume-area scaling in combination with a high resolution GCM[J].Climate Dynamics,2001,18(3/4):359-366.
[23] LIU Shiyin,SUN Wenxin,SHEN Yongping,et al.Glacier changes since the Little Ice Age maximum in the western Qilian Shan,northwest China,and consequences of glacier runoff for water supply[J].Journal of Glaciology,2003,49(164):117-124.
[24] RADIC V,HOCK R,OERLEMANS J.Volume-area scaling vsflowlinemodelling in glacier volume projections[J].Annals of Glaciology,2007,46(1):234-240.
[25] RADIC V,HOCK R.Regional and global volumes of glaciers derived from statistical up-scaling of glacier inventory data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,2010,115(F1):87-105.
[26] ADHIKARI S,MARSHALL S J.Glacier volume-area relation for high-order mechanics and transient glacier states[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2012,39(16):132-133.
[27] FARINOTTI D,BRINKERHOFF D,CLARKE G K C,et al.How accurate are estimates of glacier ice thickness? Results from ITMIX,the Ice Thickness Models Intercomparison Experiment Manuscript under review for journal[J].Cryosphere,2017,2(11):949-970.
[28] GANTAYAT P,KULKARNI A V,SRINIVASAN J.Estimation of ice thickness using surface velocities and slope:Case study at Gangotri Glacier,India[J].Journal of Glaciology,2014,60(60):277-282.
[29] ENGELHARDT M,SCHULER T V,ANDREASSEN L M.Glacier mass balance of Norway 1961-2010 calculated by a temperature-index model[J].Annals of Glaciology,2013,54(63):32-40.
[30] PATERSON W S B.The Physics of Glaciers (Third Edition)[M].Elsevier,1994.
[31] HAEBERLI W,HOELZLE M.Application of inventory data for estimating characteristics of and regional climate-change effects on mountain glaciers:A pilot study with the European Alps[J].Annals of Glaciology,1995,21(1):206-212.
[32] 苏珍,丁良福,刘潮海.天山冰川厚度及其储量计算[J].新疆地理,1984,7(2):37-44.[SU Zhen,DING Liangfu,LIU Chaohai.Thickness and volume calculation of TianShan Mountains[J].Xinjiang Geography,1984,7(2):37-44.]
[33] 王宗太,刘潮海.祁连山区现代冰川发育条件、分布特征及区划-据最新冰川编目资料分析[J].地理学报,1983,50(2):141-153.[WANG Zongtai,LIU Chaohai.The modern glacial development conditions,distribution characteristics and zoning of the Qilian Mountains are analyzed according to the latest glacier inventory data[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1983,50(2):141-153.]
[34] GLEN J W.The creep of polycrystalline ice[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical & Engineering Sciences,1955,228(1175):519-538.
[35] LINSBAUER A,PAUL F,HOELZLE M,et al.The Swiss Alps without glaciers-A GIS-based modellingapproach for reconstruction of glacier beds[J].Department of Geography University of Zurich,2009,31:243-247.
[36] FARINOTTI D,HUSS M,BAUDER A,et al.A method to estimate the ice volume and ice-thickness distribution of alpine glaciers[J].Journal of Glaciology,2009,55(191):422-430.
[37] CLARKE G K C,ANSLOW F S,JAROSCH A H,et al.Ice volume and subglacialtopography for western canadianglaciers from mass balance fields,thinning rates,and a bed stress model[J].Journal of Climate,2013,26(12):4282-4303.
[38] MARZEION B,JAROSCH A H,HOFER M.Past and future sea-level change from the surface,mass balance of glaciers[J].Cryosphere,2012,6(6):1295-1322.
[39] MORLIGHEM M,RIGNOT E,SEROUSSI H,et al.A mass conservation approach for mapping glacier ice thickness[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2011,38(19):1441-1458.
[40] VAN PELT W J J,OERLEMANS J,REIJMER C H,et al.An iterative inverse method to estimate basal topography and initialize ice flow models[J].Cryosphere,2013,7(3):987-1006.
[41] BRINKERHOFF D J,JOHNSON J V.Dynamics of thermally induced ice streams simulated with a higher-order flow model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,2015,120(9):1743-1770.
[42] GAGLIARDINI O,ZWINGER T,GILLETCHAULET F,et al.Capabilities and performance of Elmer/Ice,a new generation ice-sheet model[J].Geoscientific Model Development,2013,6(4):1299-1318.
[43] MICHEL L,PICASSO M,FARINOTTI D,et al.Estimating the ice thickness of mountain glaciers with an inverse approach using surface topography and mass-balance[J].Inverse Problems,2013,29(3):035002.
[44] BRINKERHOFF D,ASCHWANDEN A,TRUFFER M.Bayesian inference of subglacial topography using mass conservation[J].Frontiers in Earth Science,2016,4(8):1-15.
[45] CLARKE G K C,BERTHIER E,SCHOOF C G,et al.Neural networks applied to estimating subglacial topography and glacier volume[J].Journal of Climate,2009,22(8):2146-2160.
[46] CUFFEY K M,PATERSON W S B.The physics of glaciers fourth edition[M].Academic Press,2010.
[47] 王宁练,蒲健辰.祁连山八一冰川雷达测厚与冰储量分析[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(3):431-435.[WANG Ninglian,PU Jianchen.Ice thickness,sounded by groundpenetrating radar,on the Bayi Glacier in the Qilian Mountains,China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(3):431-435.]
[48] 朱美林,姚檀栋,杨威,等.念青唐古拉山扎当冰川冰储量估算及冰下地形特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(2):268-277.[ZHU Meilin,YAO Tandong,YANG Wei,et al.Ice volume and characteristics of sub-glacial topography of the Zhadang Glacier,Nyainqentanglha Range[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):268-277.]
[49] 刘时银.冰川观测与研究方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.[LIU Shiyin.Field observations in glaciological research[M].Beijing:Science Press,2012.]
[50] ZEMP M,HOELZLE M,HAEBERLI W.Six decades of glacier mass-balance observations:A review of the worldwide monitoring network[J].Annals of Glaciology,2009,50(50):101-111.
[51] KHALSA S J S,DYURGEROV M B,KHROMOVA T,et al.Space-based mapping of glacier changes using ASTER and GIS tools[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing,2004,42(10):2177-2183.
[52] BERTHIER E,ARNAUD Y,KUMAR R,et al.Remote sensing estimates of glacier mass balances in the Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya,India)[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2007,108(3):327-338.
[53] KAAB A.Glacier volume changes using ASTER optical stereo.A test study in Eastern Svalbard[C]//Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,2007.IGARSS 2007.IEEE International.IEEE,3994-3996.
[54] 王祎婷,陈秀万,柏延臣,等.多源DEM和多时相遥感影像监测冰川体积变化——以青藏高原那木纳尼峰地区为例[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(1):126-132.[WANG Yiting,CHEN Xiuwan,BO Yancheng,et al.Monitoringglacier volume change based on multi source DEM and multi temporalremote sensing images[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(1):127-132.]
[55] 曹艳萍,南卓铜.GRACE重力卫星数据的水文应用综述[J].遥感技术与应用,2011,26(5):543-553.[CAO Yanping,NAN Zhoutong.Applications of GRACE in hydrology:A review[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2011,26(5):543-553.]
[56] SCHLEGEL N J,WIESE D N,LAROUR E Y,et al.Application of GRACE to the assessment of model-based estimates of monthly Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance (2003-2012)[J].Cryosphere,2016,10(5):1-35.
[57] LUTHCKE S B,ZWALLY H J,ABDALATI W,et al.Recent greenland ice mass loss by drainage system from satellite gravity observations[J].Science,2006,314(5803):1286-1289.
[58] ARENDT A,ECHELMEYER K,HARRISON W,et al.Updated estimates of glacier volume changes in the western Chugach Mountains,Alaska,and a comparison of regional extrapolation methods[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,2006,111(F3).
[59] 苏勃,李忠勤,张明军,等.大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川物质平衡对比研究——以天山和阿尔卑斯山典型冰川为例[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(5):1131-1140.[SU Bo,LI Zhongqin,ZHANG Mingjun,et al.A comparative study on mass balance between the continental glaciers and temperate glaciers:Tanking the typical glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains and the Alps as examples[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(5):1131-1140.]
[60] HUSS M.Density assumptions for converting geodetic glacier volume change to mass change[J].Cryosphere,2013,7(3):877-887.
[61] HELBING J.Glacier dynamics of Unteraargletscher:Verifying theoretical concepts through flow modeling[J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines & Power,2005,108(2):246-253.
[62] HAGG W J,BRAUN L N,UVAROV V N,et al.A comparison of three methods of mass-balance determination in the Tuyuksu glacier region,Tien Shan,Central Asia[J].Journal of Glaciology,2004,50(171):505-510.
[63] NECKEL N,BRAUN A,KROPACEK J,et al.Recent mass balance of Purogangri ice cap,central Tibetan Plateau,by means of differential X-band SAR interferometry[J].Cryosphere,2013,7(2):1623-1633.
[64] BERTHIER E,VADON H,BARATOUX D,et al.Surface motion of mountain glaciers derived from satellite optical imagery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,95(1):14-28.
[65] NUTH C,KAAB A.Co-registration and bias corrections of satellite elevation data sets for quantifying glacier thickness change[J].Cryosphere,2011,5(1):271-290.
[66] 怀保娟,李忠勤,孙美平,等.近50年黑河流域的冰川变化遥感分析[J].地理学报,2014,69(3):365-377.[HUAN Baojuan,LI Zhongqin,SUN Meiping,et al.RS analysis of glaciers change in the Heihe River Basin in the last 50 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(3):365-377.]
[67] SCHUTZ B E,ZWALLY H J,SHUMAN C A,et al.Overview of the ICESat Mission[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32(21):97-116.
[68] GOGINENI S,TAMMANA D,BRAATEN D,et al.Coherent radar ice thickness measurements over the Greenland ice sheet[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106(D24):33761-33772.
[69] WHITEHEAD K,MOORMAN B J,HUGENHOLTZ C H.Brief Communication:Low-cost,on-demand aerial photogrammetry for glaciological measurement[J].Cryosphere,2003,7(3):1879-1884.