1990—2015年喜马拉雅山东段中国和不丹边境地区冰川变化研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2019.03.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 利用Landsat影像，EDM影像等数据资料，使用遥感图像处理及目视解译方法提取了喜马拉雅山东段中国与不丹边境地区冰川从1990—2015年4期边界，研究其与气温降水变化关系，并选取特定冰川，对其表面流速进行估算。研究表明：1990—2015年，该地区冰川退缩速率达0.43%·a^-1，并且冰川年退缩率逐渐增大，表明冰川消融速度逐渐加快。该时段内，气温呈现明显上升趋势，导致了冰川的快速消融。通过对冰川表面流速的估算，得出中国与不丹边境地区研究选取的冰前湖对冰川流速具有促进作用，加速冰川消融。

关键词: Landsat影像, 喜马拉雅山东段, 冰川变化, 表面流速估算

Abstract: Using the remote sensing technology and the visual interpretation,this paper extracted the glacier boundaries of four phases in the border area between China and Bhutan in eastern Himalaya based on the Landsat image and the DEM image from 1990 to 2015 to investigate the relationship between the glacier boundary change and climate change.The results show that from 1990 to 2015,the shrunk area of the glacier is 191.87 km2,and the glacier region retreat rate on average reaches to 0.43% per year.According to the time division,the average annual retreat rate of glaciers was increased gradually,indicating that the glacier ablation rate was gradually accelerated.The total area of glaciers in the region showed a decreasing trend,and the glacier area of different grades showed a trend of retreat.The distribution of glaciers is mainly north,northwest and northeast oriented while the main direction of retreat is east,southeast and northeast oriented.based on meteorological grid data,the change rates of air temperature and precipitation in winter and summer were retrieved by using the fitting operation on the air temperature and precipitation in different time periods.From 1990 to 2015,there was not obvious variation in precipitation while the temperature was significantly raised up.Therefore,it is believed that the main factor of glacier retreat is the rising temperature.Two specific adjacent glaciers were chosen to estimate the surface velocity using the CIAS software and it is found that the surface velocity of glacier is the fastest near the equilibrium line.The glacier flow rate was gradually slowed down to the highest altitude,and the glacier flow rate was the minimum.The glacier flow rate was gradually decreased along both sides of the glacier main stream.The surface velocity estimation shows that the chosen ice lake in the Bhutan region may speed up the melting of the glacier.There is a negative correlation between the change of glacier area and the change of temperature.There is a positive correlation between the change of ice front area and temperature change.

Key words: Landsat image, the eastern Himalaya region, the change of glaciers, surface velocity estimation

王晶, 杨太保, 冀琴, 秦艳, 胡凡盛. 1990—2015年喜马拉雅山东段中国和不丹边境地区冰川变化研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019, 42(3): 542-550.

WANG Jing, YANG Taibao, JI Qin, QIN Yan, HU Fansheng.

Change of the modern glaciers in the eastern Himalaya near China and Bhutan border area from 1990 to 2015 [J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019, 42(3): 542-550.

参考文献 41

[1]	刘宗香，苏珍，姚檀栋，等．青藏高原冰川资源及其分布特征[J]．资源科学，2000，22（5）：49-52．[LIU Zongxiang，SU Zhen，YAO Tandong，et al．Resources and distribution of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau [J]．Resources Science，2000，22（5）：49-52．]
[2]	许艾文，杨太保，王聪强，等．1978—2015年喀喇昆仑山克勒青河流域冰川变化的遥感监测[J]．地理科学进展，2016，35（7）：878-888．[XU Aiwen，YANG Taibao，WANG Congqiang，et al．Variation of glaciers in the Shaksgam River Basin，Karakoram Mountains during 1978-2015[J]．Progress in Geography，2016，35（7）：878-888．]
[3]	何毅，杨太保，冀琴，等．1989-2011年北天山东西段冰川变化对比分析研究[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2014，28（6）：105-110．[HE Yi，YANG Taibao，JI Qing，et al．Comparative analysis of glacier changes between eastern and western part of Northern Tianshan[J]．Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment，2014，28（6）：105-110．]
[4]	冀琴，杨太保，田洪阵，等．念青唐古拉山西段近40年冰川与气候变化研究[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2014，28（7）：12-17．[JI Qin，YANG Taibao，TIAN Hongzhen，et al．Relation between glacier retreat and climate change in the western Nyainqentanglha in the past 40 years[J]．Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment，2014，28（7）：12-17．]
[5]	祝合勇，杨太保，田洪阵．1973-2010年阿尔金山冰川变化[J]．地理研究，2013，32（8）：1430-1438．[ZHU Heyong，YANG Taibao ，TIAN Hongzhen，Glacier variation in the Altun Mountains from 1973 to 2010[J]．Geographical Research，2013，32（8）：1430-1438．]
[6]	许艾文，杨太保，冀琴，等．乔戈里峰北坡冰川跃动遥感监测[J]．兰州大学学报（自然科学版），2016，52（2）：145-152．[XU Aiwen，YANG Taibao，JI Qin，et al．Monitoring recent surging on the northern slope glaciers of Qogir through remote sensing[J]．Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences)，2016，52（2）：145-152．]
[7]	李吉均，郑本兴，杨锡金，等．西藏冰川[M]．北京：科学出版社，1986．[ Li Jijun，Zhen Benxing，Yang Xijin，et al．Glacier in Tibet [M]．Beijing：Science Press，1986．]
[8]	谢自楚，冯清华，刘潮海．冰川系统变化的模型研究——以西藏南部外流水系为例[J]．冰川冻土，2002，24（1）：16-27．[XIE Zichu，FENG Qinghua，LIU Chaohai．Modeling the variation of glacier system：Taking the Southern Tibet Region as an example[J]．Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology，2002，24（1）：16-27．]
[9]	李治国，姚檀栋，叶庆华，等．1980-2007年喜马拉雅东段洛扎地区冰川和冰湖变化研究[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2012，26（7）：47-52．[LI Zhiguo，YAO Tandong，YE Qinghua，et al．Variations of glaciers and glacial lakes in the Luozha region，eastern Himalayas，from 1980 to 2007[J]．Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment，2012，26（7）：47-52．]
[10]	张东启，效存德，秦大河．近几十年来喜马拉雅山冰川变化及其对水资源的影响[J]．冰川冻土，2009，31（5）：885-895．[ZHANG Dongqi，XIAO Cunde，QIN Dahe．Himalayan glaciers fluctuation over the latest decades and its impact on water resources[J]．Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology，2009，31（5）：885-895．]
[11]	王欣，刘时银，姚晓军，等．我国喜马拉雅山区冰湖遥感调查与编目[J]．地理学报，2010，65（1）：29-36．[WANG Xin，LIU Shiyin，YAO Xiaojun，et al．Glacier lake investigation and inventory in the Chinese Himalayas based on the remote sensing data[J]．Acta Geographica Sinica，2010，65（1）：29-36．]
[12]	李治国，姚檀栋，叶庆华，等．1980 —2007年喜马拉雅东段洛扎地区冰川变化遥感监测[J]．地理研究，2011，30（5）：939-952．[LI Zhiguo，YAO Tandong，YE Qinghua，et al．Monitoring glacial variations based on remote sensing in the Luozha region，eastern Himalayas，1980-2007[J]．Geographical Research，2011，30（5）：939-952．]
[13]	苏珍，宋国平，曹真堂．贡嘎山海螺沟冰川的海洋性特征[J]．冰川冻土，1996，（增刊1）：51-59．[SU Zhen，SONG Guoping，CAO Zhentang．Maritime characteristics of Hailuogou Glacier in the Gongga Mountains[J]．Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology，1996，（Suppl.1）：51-59．]
[14]	PAUL F, KAAB A, MAISCH M, et al. The new remote-sensing-derived Swiss glacier inventory: I. Methods[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 2002, 34: 355-361.
[15]	王秀娜．近40年来南阿尔泰山地区现代冰川变化及对气候变化的响应[D]．兰州：兰州大学，2012．[WANG Xiuna，Response of glacier variation to climate change in the southern Altai Mountains，during the last 40 years [D]．Lanzhou：Lanzhou University，2012．]
[16]	KAAB A, VOLLMER M. Surface geometry, thickness changes and flow fields on creeping mountain permafrost: Automatic extraction by digital image analysis[J]. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 2000, 11(4): 315-326.
[17]	WOODCOCK C E, ALLEN R, ANDERSON M, et al. Free access to Landsat imagery[J]. Science, 2008, 320(5879): 1011-1011.
[18]	WULDER M A, MASEK J G, COHEN W B, et al. Opening the archive: How free data has enabled the science and monitoring promise of Landsat[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2012, 122: 2-10.
[19]	陈杰，杨太保，冀琴，等．1976-2014年爬努河流域冰川变化对气候变化的响应[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2015，29（9）：171-175．[CHEN Jie，YANG Taibao，JI Qin，et al．Glaciers in response to climate change in the Panuhe Basin，Tibet from 1976 to 2014[J]．Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment，2015，29（9）：171-175．]
[20]	吕卉．近40年喜马拉雅山冰川波动对气候变化的响应[D]．兰州：兰州大学，2013．[LYU Hui．Response of glacier variation to climate change in the Himalayan Mountains，during the last 40 years [D]．Lanzhou：Lanzhou University，2013．]
[21]	刘时银, 上官冬辉, 丁永建, 等. 20世纪初以来青藏高原东南部岗日嘎布山的冰川变化[J]. 冰川冻土, 2005，(1):55-63.[ LIU Shi yin,SHANGGUAN Dong hui,DING Yong jian,et al. Glacier Variations since the Early 20th Century in the Gangrigabu Range , Southeast Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005，(1):55-63.]
[22]	吕卉, 杨太保, 田洪阵. 北阿尔泰山近30年冰川变化研究 [J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2012, 26(10): 69-76.[ LYU Hui，YANG Taibao，TIAN Hongzhen.Glacier changes in the northern Altay Mountains from 1980 to 2010[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment，2012, 26(10): 69-76.]
[23]	KULKARNI A V, RATHORE B P, SINGH S K, et al. Understanding changes in the Himalayan cryosphere using remote sensing techniques [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011, 32(3): 601-615.
[24]	车涛, 李新, MOOL P K , et al. 希夏邦马峰东坡冰川与冰川湖泊变化遥感监测[J]. 冰川冻土, 2005, 27(6):801-805.[ CHE Tao, 　 LI Xin, MOOL P K,et al. Monitoring glaciers and associated glacial lakes on the east slopes of mount Xixabangma from remote sensing images. [J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2005, 27(6):801-805.]
[25]	叶庆华, 陈锋, 姚檀栋, et al. 近30年来喜马拉雅山脉西段纳木那尼峰地区冰川变化的遥感监测研究 [J]. 遥感学报, 2007, 11(4): 511-520.[ YE Qing-hua, CHEN Feng, YAO Tan-dong,et al. Tupu of Glacier Variations in the Mt.Naimona'Nyi Region, Western Himalayas, in the Last Three Decades[J].Journal of Remote Sensing, 2007, 11(4): 511-520.]
[26]	叶庆华, 姚檀栋, 郑红星, et al. 西藏玛旁雍错流域冰川与湖泊变化及其对气候变化的响应 [J]. 地理研究, 2008, 27(5): 1178-1190.[ YE Qinghua, YAO Tandong, ZHENG Hongxing ,et al. Glacier and lake co-variations and their responses to climate change in the Mapam Yumco Basin on Tibet[J]．Geographical Research，2008, 27(5):1178-1190.]
[27]	YE Q, ZHONG Z, KANG S, et al. Monitoring glacier and supra-glacier lakes from space in Mt. Qomolangma region of the Himalayas on the Tibetan Plateau in China[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 2009, 6(3): 211-220.
[28]	王聪强，杨太保，冀琴，等．1988—2013年布加岗日地区冰川变化及其对气候变化的响应[J]．水土保持研究，2016，23（4）：70-76．[WANG Congqiang，YANG Taibao，JI Qin，et al．Variation of glacier and its response to climate change in the Bujiagangri region from 1988 to 2013[J]．Research of Soil and Water Conservation，2016，23（4）：70-76．]
[29]	李佳，杨太保，何毅，等．1990—2011年天山东部冰川退缩对气候的响应[J]．水土保持研究，2014，21（3）：212-216．[LI Jia，YANG Taibao，HE Yi，et al．Response of glacier retreat to climate in Eastern Tianshan from 1990 to 2011[J]．Research of Soil and Water Conservation，2014，21（3）：212-216．]
[30]	王霄，巩远发，岑思弦．夏半年青藏高原“湿池”的水汽分布及水汽输送特征[J]．地理学报，2009，64（5）：601-608．[WANG Xiao，GONG Yuanfa，CEN Sixian．Characteristics of the Moist Pool and its moisture transports over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in summer half year[J]．Acta Geographica Sinica，2009，64（5）：601-608．]
[31]	王秀娜，杨太保，田洪振，等．近40a来南阿尔泰山区现代冰川变化及其对气候变化的响应[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2013，27（2）：77-82．[WANG Xiuna，YANG Taibao，TIAN Hongzhen，et al．Response of glacier variation in the southern Altai Mountains to climate change during the last 40 years [J]．Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment，2013，27（2）：77-82．]
[32]	冀琴，杨太保，李霞．近40年来念青唐古拉山东段则普乡地区冰川与气候变化研究[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2015，29（2）：166-171．[JI Qin，YANG Taibao，LI Xia．Relationship between glacier retreat and climate change in eastern Nyainqentanglha in the past 40 years [J]．Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment，2015，29（2）：166-171．]
[33]	KUMARI S, GHOSH S K, BUCHROITHNERB M F. Measurement of glacier velocity at Pik Lenin, Tajikistan, by feature tracking[J]. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2014, 8.
[34]	韩艳飞．基于Landsat遥感影像的西昆仑冰川变化监测与流速估算研究（1977—2013）[D]．南京:南京大学，2015．[HAN Yanfei．Research on glacier change in the West Kunlun Moutains and flow velocity estimation based on Landsat images(1977-2013)[D]．Nanjing：Nanjing University，2015．]
[35]	刘时银，刘潮海，谢自楚，等．冰川观测与研究方法[M]．北京：科学出版社，2012．[LIU Shiyin，LIU Chaohai，XIE Zichu，et al．Field observations and glaciological research[M]．Beijing：Science Press，2012．]
[36]	蒋宗立，刘时银，许君利，等．应用SAR特征匹配方法估计音苏盖提冰川表面流速[J]．冰川冻土，2011，33（3）：512-518．[JIANG Zong li，LIU Shiyin，XU Junli，et al．Using feature-tracking of alos palsar images to acquire the Yengisogat Glacier surface velocities[J]．Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology，2011，33（3）：512-518．]
[37]	周文明，李志伟，李佳，等．1992—2009年格拉丹东冰川及冰前湖面积变化的遥感研究[J]．中南大学学报（自然科学版），2014，45（10）：3505-3512．[ZHOU Wenming，LI Zhiwei，LI Jia，et al．Variations of glaciers and glacial lake in Geladandong mountain range in 1992-2009 with remote-sensing technology [J]．Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)，2014，45（10）：3505-3512．]
[38]	刘春玲，童立强，祁生文，等．喜马拉雅山地区冰川湖溃决灾害隐患遥感调查及影响因素分析[J]．国土资源遥感，2016，28（3）：110-115．[LIU Chunlin，TONG Liqiang，QI Shengwen，et al．Remote sensing investigation and influence factor analysis of glacier lake outburst potential in the Himalayas[J]．Remote Sensing for Land and Resources，2016，28(3)：110-115．]
[39]	车涛，李新，MOOL P K，等．希夏邦马峰东坡冰川与冰川湖泊变化遥感监测[J]．冰川冻土，2005，27（6）：801-805．［CHE Tao，LI Xin，MOOL P K，et al．Monitoring glaciers and associated glacial lakes on the east slopes of mount Xixabangma from remote sensing images[J]．Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology，2005，27（6）：801-805．］
[40]	刘秧．西藏终碛堤冰湖溃决冰川、温度条件的初步研究[D]．成都：成都理工大学，2016．[LIU Yang．Preliminary study on the glacial and temperature conditions of terminal moraine dam glacier lake outburst in Tibet[D]．Chengdu：Chengdu University of Technology，2016．]
[41]	王欣，刘时银，莫宏伟，等．我国喜马拉雅山区冰湖扩张特征及其气候意义[J]．地理学报，2011，66（7）：895-904．［WANG Xin， LIU Shiyin， MO Hongwei，et al．Expansion of glacial lakes and its implication for climate changes in the Chinese Himalaya[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica，2011，66（7）：895-904．]