The hydrological characteristics of Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,China have undergone profound changes in the past decades.The annual runoff of the origin increased while the frequency and the peak discharge of magnitude floods in the main stream increased significantly,which lead to the increase of flood protection pressure.In 2001,the Tarim River ecological rescue project was implemented,and the recent governance project of the Tarim River main stream was carried out after 2002.After the boundary conditions and water and sediment conditions changed significantly,there is still a lack of quantitative analysis and research on the flood travel time and peak-clipping rate of the mainstream Tarim River.This paper systematically analyzed flood characteristics in the upper reach of the mainstream of the Tarim River (Xiaojiake-Yingbazha reach) from three aspects:Flood travel time,peak-clipping rate and water consumption rate,which revealed the general law of flood transmission in the upper reaches of the main stream.The travel time of peak flood is concentrated in 1.5-5 d from Aral to Xinqiman,and the average peak-clipping rate is 24%.The travel time of peak flood is concentrated in 2-10 d from Xinqiman to Yingbazha,and the average peak-clipping rate is 50%.The water consumption rates are 36%-56% at Aral-Xinqiman reach and Xinqiman-Yingbazha reach in June and July.In August and September,the water consumption rates of the two reaches are gathered in 23%-28%.A one-dimensional mathematical model of water and sediment evolution is constructed.After the verification period using flood events in 2010,the model simulated the main stream flood evolution process in 2017 and the simulation results with high accuracy was obtained when the flow peak of Aral exceeds 800 m3·s-1,which indicated the rationality and wide application prospect of the model.The results of this study have scientifically revealed the flood characteristics of the representative inland sandy rivers in Central Asia,and have important significance for flood-control management and flood-water resources utilization of the Tarim River.
[1] 新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府.塔里木河流域近期综合治理规划报告[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002:7-12.[Xin-jiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Government.Recent comprehensive management plan report of Tarim River Basin[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2002:7-12.]
[2] 雷志栋,甄宝龙,尚松浩,等.塔里木河干流水资源的形成及其利用问题[J].中国科学:E辑,2003,33(5):473-480.[LEI Zhidong,ZHEN Baolong,SHANG Songhao,et al.Formation and utilization of aterresources in mainstream of Tarim River[J].Science in China:Series E,2003,33(5):473-480.]
[3] 王远见,江恩慧,郜国明,等.塔里木河三源一干近50 a汛期径流时空分布规律研究[C]//中国水力发电工程学会水文泥沙专业委员会2017年学术研讨会,长沙,2017.[WANG Yuanjian,JIANG Enhui,GAO Guoming,et al.Research on spatial-temporal distribution of flood period of three source rivers and mainstream of Tarim River in recent 50 years[C]//China Hydroelectric Engineering Society Hydrology and Sediment Specialized Committee 2017 Symposium,Changsha,2017.]
[4] 陈亚宁,徐长春,杨余辉,等.新疆水文水资源变化及对区域气候变化的响应[J].地理学报,2009,64(11):1331-1341.[CHEN Yaning,XU Changchun,YANG Yuhui,et al.Hydrology and water resources variation and its responses to regional climate change in Xinjiang[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(11):1331-1341.]
[5] 王秋香,崔彩霞,姚艳丽.新疆不同区域洪灾受灾面积变化趋势及多尺度分析[J].地理学报,2008,63(7):769-779.[WANG Qiuxiang,CUI Caixia,YAO Yanli,et al.Variation trends and multi-scale analysis of flood affected area in various regions of Xinjiang[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(7):769-779.]
[6] 姜逢清,胡汝骥,杨跃辉.新疆洪灾时间序列突变及其气候原因分析[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(6):674-681.[JIANG Fengqing,HU Ruji,YANG Yuehui.Abrupt change in the time sequences of flood disaster in Xinjiang and its possible climatic reasons[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2004,26(6):674-681.]
[7] 周海鹰,沈明希,陈杰,等.塔里木河流域60 a来天然径流变化趋势分析[J].干旱区地理,2018,41(2):221-229.[ZHOU Haiying,SHEN Mingxi,CHEN Jie,et al.Trends of natural runoffs in the Tarim River Basin during the last 60 years[J].Arid Land Geography,2018,41(2):221-229.]
[8] 王玉峰,李伟佩,宋伟华,等.塔里木河干流径流演变规律分析研究报告[R].黄河勘测规划设计有限公司,2007:10.[WANG Yufeng,LI Weipei,SONG Weihua,et al.Analysis of runoff evolution law in the mainstream Tarim River[R].Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co.,Ltd.,2007:10.]
[9] 张建岗,刘新华.塔里木河流域"四源一干"河道损失规律研究[R].塔里木河流域管理局、新疆大学,2015.[ZHANG Jiangang,LIU Xinhua.Runoff loss of Four Source Rivers and Mainstream of Tarim River[R].Tarim River Basin Administration,Xinjiang University,2015.]
[10] 丛振涛,周海鹰,雷志栋,等.塔里木河下游输水过程的分析与模拟[J].水科学进展,2003,14(3):276-279.[CONG Zhentao ZHOU Haiying LEI Zhidong,et al.Analyses and simulations of the water transfer from the lower Tarim River[J].Advances in Water Science,2003,14(3):276-279.]
[11] 蒋艳.塔里木河流域水文过程分析与模拟[D].北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2006.[JIANG Yan.Analysis and simulation of the hydrological process in the Tarim River Basin[D].Beijing:Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,2006.]
[12] 李园园,牧振伟,徐乐,等.塔里木河流域乌斯满河段平面二维水沙数值模拟[J].水电能源科学,2015,(10):72-75.[LI Yuanyuan,MU Zhenwei,XU Le,et al.Two dimensional numerical modeling for flow and sediment transport in Uthman Reaches of Tarim River Basin[J].Water Resources and Power,2015,(10):72-75.]
[13] 王亚军.基于GIS的二维洪泛区洪水过程仿真研究[J].水利科技与经济,2016,22(6):99-102.[WANG Yajun.Simulation of flood process in two dimensional flood based on GIS[J].Water Conservancy Science and Technology and Economy,2016,22(6):99-102.]
[14] 苟树生,张雄文,王彦国,等.近50年来塔里木河干流水量、水质及耗水分析[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(6):861-870.[GOU Shusheng,ZHANG Xiongwen,WANG Yanguo,et al.Analysis on runoff volumes,water quality and water consumption of the Tarim River in recent 50 years[J].Arid Zone Research,2010,27(6):861-870.]
[15] 王延贵,胡春宏.塔里木河干流引水灌溉及其对河道冲淤的影响[J].水利水电技术,2003,34(1):48-51.[WANG Yanguo,HU Chunhong.Study on irrigation diversion and its influence on Tarim River[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering.2003,34(1):48-51.]
[16] 张红武,黄远东,赵连军,等.黄河下游非恒定水沙数学模型-I:模型方程与数值方法[J].水科学进展,2002,13(3):265-270.[ZHANG Hongwu,HUANG Yuandong,ZHAO Lianjun,et al.A mathematical model for steady sediment transport in the Lower Yellow River-I:Model equations and numerical method[J].Advances in Water Science,2002,13(3):265-270.]
[17] 谢鉴衡.河流模拟[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1990.[XIE Jianheng.River simulation[M].Beijing:China Water & Power Press,1990.]
[18] WU Weiming.Computational river dynamics[M].London:Taylor & Francis Group,2007.
