With the daily precipitation data from 65 meteorological stations in Xinjiang,China,the verification methods including continuous statistics and classification statistics were used to evaluate the applicability of satellite-based RFE2.0(Rainfall estimation2.0)data.The results showed that RFE2.0 overestimated the daily precipitation in Xinjiang, with an average value of 0.4 mm MBE (mean bias error),more than 70% meteorological stations being among 0.5 mm.The average value of correlation coefficient R between RFE2.0 and observation data was 0.4,indicating a low correlation with a descending order of the correlation value from north Xinjiang to east Xinjiang and then to south Xinjiang.The MAE(mean absolute error) was 0.23-4.7 mm,with 1.16 mm average value.More than 50% meteorological stations with MAE were smaller than 1mm.It was the northern,southern,eastern Xinjiang according to the order of relevance from big to small.The RMSE (root mean square error) was 1.03-9.7 mm,with 3.32 mm average value.The descending order list was the north Xinjiang,south Xinjiang,east Xinjiang according to the MAE value.From the perspective of deviation from the real value,the simulated values in east Xinjiang was close to the observed value.There were 45 non-GTS stations selected to verify the possibility of precipitation events through classification statistics. FBI (frequency bias index) in Xinjiang was 0.82-3.71,the average value of FBI in northern,southern and eastern Xinjiang were 1.42,2.1,2.53.It was eastern,southern and northern Xinjiang according to size of FBI.In genenal,RFE2.0 overvalued possibility of rainfall events in Xinjiang,overestimation of precipitation events in northern Xinjiang is lower than the average of the whole Xinjiang.The POD value was 0.12-0.95,with average value 0.67.The average value of POD was 0.74, 0.61, 0.61,respectively from northern,eastern and southern Xinjiang. POD in northern Xinjiang was higher than that of east and southern Xinjiang.The FAR was 0.18-0.92,with 0.58 average value and 33% stations FAR less than 0.5.The average value of FAR in northern Xinjiang,eastern Xinjiang and southern Xinjiang was 0.43,0.74,0.69,respectively.The value of FAR in northern Xinjiang was smaller than eastern and southern Xinjiang.Two stations were selected to analyze respectively,Tuergate and Yuli observation stations from the southern Xinjiang,Caijiahu and Zhaosu observation stations from the northern Xinjiang,Shanshan and Yiwu observation stations from east Xinjiang,to verify the application of RFE2.0.The above rule can provide scientific basis for application of RFE2.0 in Xinjiang.
[1] 刘元波,傅巧妮,宋平,等.卫星遥感反演降水研究综述[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(11):1162-1172.[LIU Yuanbo,FU Qiaoni,SONG Ping,et al.Satellite retrieval of precipitation:An overview[J].Advances in Earth Science,2011,26(11):1162-1172.]
[2] 胡增运,倪勇勇,邵华,等.CFSR、ERA-Interim和MERRA降水资料在中亚地区的适用性[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(4):700-708.[HU Zengyun,NI Yongyong,SHAO Hua,et al.Applicability study of CFSR,ERA-Interim and MERRA precipitation estimates in Central Asia[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(4):700-708.]
[3] 陈亚宁,李稚,方功焕,等.气候变化对中亚天山山区水资源影响研究[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):18-26.[CHEN Yaning,LI Zhi,FANG Gonghuan,et al.Impact of climate change on water resources in the Tianshan Mountians,Central Asia[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):18-26.]
[4] CHEN Yaning,LI Baofu,LI Zhi,et al.Water resource formation and conversion and water security in arid region of northwest China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(7):939-952.
[5] 姚俊强,杨青,刘志辉,等.中国西北干旱区降水时空分布特征[J].生态学报,2015,35(17):5846-5855.[YAO Junqiang,YANG Qing,LIU Zhihui,et al.Spatio-temporal change of precipitation in arid region of the northwest China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(17):5846-5855.]
[6] 沈彬,李新功.塔里木河流域TRMM降水数据精度评估[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(4):703-712.[SHEN Bin,LI Xingong.Accuracy assessment of TRMM3B43 data in Tarim River Basin[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(4):703-712.]
[7] MANDIRA S S,ARTAN G A,BAJRACHARYA S R,et al.Using satellite-based rainfall estimates for streamflow modelling:Bagmati Basin[J].Journal of Flood Risk Management,2008,1(2):89-99.
[8] XIE Pingping,ARKIN Phillip A.A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations satellite estimates and numerical model outputs[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1997,78(11):2539-2558.
[9] XIE Pingping,ARKIN Phillip A.Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations,satellite estimates,and numerical model predictions[J].Journal of Climate,1996,9(4):840-858.
[10] EPHREM Gebremariam Beyene,BERND Meissner.Spatio-temporal analyses of correlation between NOAA satellite RFE and weather stations' rainfall record in Ethiopia[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2010,(12S):S69-S75.
[11] RASMUS Fensholt,KJELD Rasmussen.Analysis of trends in the Sahelian' rain-use efficiency' using GIMMS NDVI,RFE and GPCP rainfall data[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2011,(115):438-451.
[12] JOHN F HERMANCE,HUSSEIN M Sulieman.Comparing satellite RFE data with surface gauges for 2012 extreme storms in African East Sahel[J].Remote Sensing Letters,2013,4(7):696-705.
[13] BAHRACGARY S R,SHRESTHA M S,MOOL P K,et al.Validation of satellite rainfall estimation in the summer monsoon[C]//10th international symposium on high mountain remote sensing cartography,international centre for integrated mountain development (ICIMOD),Kathmandu,Nepal,2010:281-290.
[14] JOHN F Hermance,HUSSEIN M Sulieman.Assessing daily and seasonal satellite rainfall estimates using local gauges for the anomalous 2012 monsoon season in the African East Sahel[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2013,35(1):253-288.
[15] SHRESTHA M S,ARTAN G A,BAJRACHARYA S R,et al.Bias-adjusted satellite-based rainfall estimates for predicting floods:Narayani Basin[J].Journal of Flood Risk Management,2011,4(4):360-373.
[16] 王敏,周才平,吴良,等.遥感估算降水在西藏高原中的应用研究[J].高原气象,2012,31(5):1215-1224.[WANG Min,ZHOU Caiping,WU Liang,et al.Applicaton of satellite-based rainfall estimate on the precipitation in Tibet Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2012,31(5):1215-1224.]
[17] 除多,罗布坚参,普布顿珠.NOAA RFE2.0在西藏高原的验证[J].热带气象学报,2013,29(4):581-589.[CHU Duo,NORBU Ghancan,PUBU Tundrop.The validation of NOAA RFE 2.0 rainfall product over major climate zones in TIBET[J].Journal of Tropical Meteology,2013,29(4):581-589.]
[18] GULEID Artan,HUSSEIN Gadain,JODIE L Smith,et al.Adequacy of satellite derived rainfall data for stream flow modeling[J].Natural Hazards,2007,43(2):167-185.
[19] SAGAR Ratna Bajracharya,WAHID Palash,MANDIRA Singh shrestha,et al.Systematic evaluation of satellite-based rainfall products over the Brahmaputra Basin for hydrological applications[J].Advances in Meteorology,2015,1-17.
[20] BROWN M E,RACOVITEANU A E,TARBOTON D G,et al.An integrated modeling system for estimating glacier and snow melt driven streamflow from remote sensing and earth system data products in the Himalayas[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014(519):1859-1869.
[21] 陈春艳,赵克明,阿不力米提江·阿布力克木,等.暖湿背景下新疆逐时降水变化特征研究[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(4):692-702.[CHEN Chunyan,ZHAO Keming,ABLIKIM Ablimitijan,et al.Temporal and spatial distributions of hourly rain intensity under the warm background in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(4):692-702.]
[22] 陈亚宁,王怀军,王志成,等.西北干旱区极端气候水文事件特征分析[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(1):1-9.[CHEN Yaning,WANG Huaijun,WANG Zhicheng,et al.Characteristics of extreme climatic/hydrological events in the arid region of northwestern China[J].Arid Land Geography,2017,40(1):1-9.]
[23] 苏宏超,沈永平,韩萍,等.新疆降水特征及其对水资源和生态环境的影响[J].冰川冻土,2007,29(3):343-350.[SU Hongchao,SHEN Yongping,HAN Ping,et al.Precipitation and its impact on water resources and ecological environment in Xinjiang region[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2007,29(3):343-350.]
[24] 史玉光,孙照渤,杨青.新疆区域面雨量分布特征及其变化规律[J].应用气象学报,2008,19(3):326-332.[SHI Yuguang,SUN Zhaobo,YANG Qing.Characteristics of area precipitation in Xinjiang region with its variations[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2008,19(3):326-332.]
[25] 杨艳芬,罗毅.中国西北干旱区TRMM遥感降水探测能力初步评价[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(3):371-382.[YANG Yanfen,LUO Yi.Evaluation on detective ability of TRMM remote sensing precipitation in arid region of northwest China[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(3):371-382.]
[26] 徐贵青,魏文寿.新疆气候变化及其对生态环境的影响[J].干旱区地理,2004,27(1):14-18.[XU Guiqing,WEI Wenshou.Climate change of Xinjiang and its impact on eco-enviroment[J].Arid Land Geography,2004,27(1):14-18.]
[27] http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/fews/RFE2.0_tech.pdf
[28] JIN Li,ANDREW D Heap.A review of spatial interporalation methods for environmental scientists[M].Canberra:Geoscience Australia,2008:92-93.
