Changes in terrestrial water storage and evaluation of oasis ecological security in the Tarim River Basin
Received date: 2023-05-29
Revised date: 2023-06-25
Online published: 2024-01-26
Oases are unique and ecologically sensitive landscape types in arid and semiarid regions and play a crucial role in sustaining human survival and socioeconomic development. However, climatic changes and human activities are causing drastic changes to water resources and the oasis eco-environment. This study analyzes terrestrial water storage changes and assesses the ecological security of oases in the Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang, China. The assessment was performed using the fraction of vegetation cover, a remote sensing ecological index, and net primary productivity (NPP) using the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach. The analysis used moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer satellite images, GRACE data, land use data, and climatic gridded and observed data from 2002 to 2020. The results indicate the following: (1) Terrestrial water storage in the Tarim River Basin decreased at a rate of 0.27 mm per month. Spatially, terrestrial water storage in the northern and western regions of the Tarim River Basin exhibited a negative trend, whereas that in the southern regions of the Basin showed a positive trend. (2) The total oasis area in the Tarim River Basin expanded by 6.49% (0.42×104 km2) from 2000 to 2020. The ecological security of the basin improved, and the eco-environment ranged from poor to general grade. Approximately 69% of the region’s eco-environment improved, whereas the area of ecological degradation was less than 5%. The normalized difference vegetation index increased from 0.13 in 2000 to 0.16 in 2020, the fraction of vegetation cover increased by 36.79%, and the NPP expanded by 31.55% in the past 20 years. (3) Rising temperatures and precipitation contributed to increased downstream river runoff and spatiotemporal variability of water resources in the Tarim River Basin. However, human activities are a key factor in the expansion of oases.
Qifei ZHANG , Yaning CHEN , Congjian SUN , Yanyun XIANG , Haichao HAO . Changes in terrestrial water storage and evaluation of oasis ecological security in the Tarim River Basin[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024 , 47(1) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.12118/j.issn.1000－6060.2023.247
| [1] | Sun F, Wang Y, Chen Y N, et al. Historic and simulated desert-oasis ecotone changes in the arid Tarim River Basin, China[J]. Remote Sensing, 2021, 13(4): 647, doi: 10.3390/rs13040647. |
| [2] | Huang J, Ji F. Effects of climate change on phenological trends and seed cotton yields in oasis of arid regions[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 2015, 59(7): 877-888. |
| [3] | Hao X M, Hao H C, Zhang J J. Soil moisture influenced the variability of air temperature and oasis effect in a large inland basin of an arid region[J]. Hydrological Process, 2021, 35(6), e14246, doi: 10.1002/hyp.14246. |
| [4] | Li C J, Fu B J, Wang S, et al. Drivers and impacts of changes in China’s drylands[J]. Nature Reviews Earth and Environment, 2021, 2(12): 858-873. |
| [5] | 陈亚宁, 郝兴明, 陈亚鹏, 等. 新疆塔里木河流域水系连通与生态保护对策研究[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2019, 34(10): 1156-1164. |
| [5] | [Chen Yaning, Hao Xingming, Chen Yapeng, et al. Study on water system connectivity and ecological protection countermeasures of Tarim River Basin in Xinjiang[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019, 34(10): 1156-1164.] |
| [6] | 陈亚宁, 陈亚鹏, 朱成刚, 等. 西北干旱荒漠区生态系统可持续管理理念与模式[J]. 生态学报, 2019, 39(20): 7410-7417. |
| [6] | [Chen Yaning, Chen Yapeng, Zhu Chenggang, et al. The concept and mode of ecosystem sustainable management in arid desert areas in northwest China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(20): 7410-7417.] |
| [7] | 陈亚宁, 李稚, 方功焕, 等. 气候变化对中亚天山山区水资源影响研究[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(1): 18-26. |
| [7] | [Chen Yaning, Li Zhi, Fang Gonghuan, et al. Impact of climate change on water resources in the Tianshan Mountians, Central Asia[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(1): 18-26.] |
| [8] | Zhang Z T, Xu E Q, Zhang H Q. Complex network and redundancy analysis of spatial-temporal dynamic changes and driving forces behind changes in oases within the Tarim Basin in northwestern China[J]. Catena, 2021, 201: 105216, doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2021.105216. |
| [9] | Li Z, Chen Y N, Zhang Q F, et al. Spatial patterns of vegetation carbon sinks and sources under water constraint in Central Asia[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2020, 590: 125355, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125355. |
| [10] | 孙帆, 王弋, 陈亚宁. 塔里木盆地荒漠-绿洲过渡带动态变化及其影响因素[J]. 生态学杂志, 2020, 39(10): 3397-3407. |
| [10] | [Sun Fan, Wang Yi, Chen Yaning. Dynamics of desert-oasis ecotone and its influencing factors in Tarim Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2020, 39(10): 3397-3407.] |
| [11] | Pei Z F, Fang S B, Yang W N, et al. The relationship between NDVI and climate factors at different monthly time scales: A case study of grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China (1982—2015)[J]. Sustainability, 2019, 11(24): 7243, doi: 10.3390/su11247243. |
| [12] | Liu Y, Li L H, Chen Xi, et al. Temporal-spatial variations and influencing factors of vegetation cover in Xinjiang from 1982 to 2013 based on GIMMS-NDVI3g[J]. Global and Planet Change, 2018, 169: 145-155. |
| [13] | Shi G, Ye P, Ding L, et al. Spatio-temporal patterns of land use and cover change from 1990 to 2010: A case study of Jiangsu Province, China[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019, 16(6): 907, doi: 10.3390/ijerph16060907. |
| [14] | Zhang J J, Hao X M, Hao H C, et al. Climate change decreased net ecosystem productivity in the arid region of Central Asia[J]. Remote Sensing, 2021, 13(21): 4449, doi: 10.3390/rs13214449. |
| [15] | Gao P W, Kasimu A, Zhao Y Y, et al. Evaluation of the temporal and spatial changes of ecological quality in the Hami oasis based on RSEI[J]. Sustainability, 2020, 12(18): 7716, doi: 10.3390/su12187716. |
| [16] | Wang J, Liu D W, Ma J L, et al. Development of a large-scale remote sensing ecological index in arid areas and its application in the Aral Sea Basin[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(1): 40-55. |
| [17] | 李鹏辉, 徐丽萍, 刘笑, 等. 基于三维生态足迹模型的天山北麓绿洲生态安全评价[J]. 干旱区研究, 2020, 37(5): 1337-1345. |
| [17] | [Li Penghui, Xu Liping, Liu Xiao, et al. Ecological security evaluation of an oasis in the north of the Tianshan Mountains based on three-dimensional ecological footprint model[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2020, 37(5):1337-1345.] |
| [18] | Fang G H, Yang J, Chen Y N, et al. How hydrologic processes differ spatially in a large basin: Multisite and multiobjective modeling in the Tarim River Basin[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2018, 123: 7098-7113. |
| [19] | Zhang Q F, Chen Y N, Li Z, et al. Recent changes in water discharge in snow and glacier melt-dominated rivers in the Tienshan Mountains, Central Asia[J]. Remote Sensing, 2020, 12(17): 2704, doi: 10.3390/rs12172704. |
| [20] | Potter C S, Randerson J T, Field C B, et al. Terrestrial ecosystem production: A process model based on global satellite and surface data[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1993, 7(4): 811-841. |
| [21] | Chen Y N, Li W H, Deng H J, et al. Changes in Central Asia’s water tower: Past, present and future[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 35458, doi: 10.1038/srep35458. |
| [22] | Farinotti D, Longuevergne L, Moholdt G, et al. Substantial glacier mass loss in the Tien Shan over the past 50 years[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2015, 8(9): 716-722. |
| [23] | Gao L, Deng H J, Lei X Y, et al. Evidence for elevation-dependent warming from the Chinese Tianshan Mountains[J]. Cryosphere, 2021, 15(12): 5765-5783. |
| [24] | Liu J, Lawson D E, Hawley R L, et al. Estimating the longevity of glaciers in the Xinjiang region of the Tian Shan through observations of glacier area change since the Little Ice Age using high-resolution imagery[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 2020, 66(257): 471-484. |
| [25] | 向燕芸, 陈亚宁, 张齐飞, 等. 天山开都河流域积雪、径流变化及影响因子分析[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(9): 1855-1865. |
| [25] | [Xiang Yanyun, Chen Yaning, Zhang Qifei, el al. Trends of snow cover and streamflow variation in Kaidu River and their influential factors[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(9): 1855-1865.] |
| [26] | 邓海军, 陈亚宁. 中亚天山山区冰雪变化及其对区域水资源的影响[J]. 地理学报, 2018, 73(7): 1309-1323. |
| [26] | [Deng Haijun, Chen Yaning. The glacier and snow variations and their impact on water resources in mountain regions: A case study in Tianshan Mountains of Central Asia[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(7): 1309-1323.] |
| [27] | Bonekamp P N J, Kok R J, Collier E, et al. Contrasting meteorological drivers of the glacier mass balance between the Karakoram and central Himalaya[J]. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2019, 7: 107, doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00107. |
| [28] | 李海娟. 近30年喀喇昆仑山东部北坡主要冰川变化的遥感监测[D]. 昆明: 云南大学, 2021. |
| [28] | [Li Haijuan. Remote sensing study on main glacier changes in the past 30 years on the north slope of the eastern Karakoram[D]. Kunming: Yunnan University, 2021.] |
| [29] | Dimri A P. Decoding the Karakoram anomaly[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 788(7): 147864, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147864. |
| [30] | Farinotti D, Immerzeel W W, de Kok R J, et al. Manifestations and mechanisms of the Karakoram glacier anomaly[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2020, 13(1): 8-16. |
| [31] | de Kok R J, Kraaijenbrink P D A, Tuinenburg O A, et al. Towards understanding the pattern of glacier mass balances in High Mountain Asia using regional climatic modelling[J]. The Cryosphere, 2020, 14(9): 3215-3234. |
| [32] | Zhang Y, An C B, Liu L Y, et al. High mountains becoming wetter while deserts getting drier in Xinjiang, China since the 1980s[J]. Land, 2021, 10(11): 1131, doi: 10.3390/land10111131. |
| [33] | 李玉焦, 陈亚宁, 张齐飞, 等. 1960—2018年博斯腾湖水位变化特征及其影响因素分析[J]. 干旱区研究, 2021, 38(1): 48-58. |
| [33] | [Li Yujiao, Chen Yaning, Zhang Qifei, et al. Analysis of the change in water level and its influencing factors on Bosten Lake from 1960 to 2018[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2021, 38(1): 48-58.] |
| [34] | Deng H J, Chen Y N, Li Q H, et al. Loss of terrestrial water storage in the Tianshan Mountains from 2003 to 2015[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2019, 40(22): 8342-8358. |
| [35] | 陈亚宁, 吾买尔江·吾布力, 艾克热木·阿布拉, 等. 塔里木河下游近20 a输水的生态效益监测分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(3): 605-611. |
| [35] | [Chen Yaning, Wubuli Wumaierjiang, Abula Aikeremu, et al. Monitoring and analysis of ecological benefits of water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River in recent 20 a[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(3): 605-611.] |
| [36] | 张久丹, 李均力, 包安明, 等. 2013—2020年塔里木河流域胡杨林生态恢复成效评估[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(6): 1824-1835. |
| [36] | [Zhang Jiudan, Li Junli, Bao Anming, et al. Effectiveness assessment of ecological restoration of Populus euphratica forest in the Tarim River Basin during 2013—2020[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(6): 1824-1835.] |
| [37] | 陈永金, 艾克热木·阿布拉, 张天举, 等. 塔里木河下游生态输水对地下水埋深变化的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(3): 651-658. |
| [37] | [Chen Yongjin, Abula Aikeremu, Zhang Tianju, et al. Effects of ecological water conveyance on groundwater depth in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(3): 651-658.] |
| [38] | 王振, 李均力, 张久丹, 等. 输水漫溢对塔里木河中游胡杨林恢复的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(1): 94-102. |
| [38] | [Wang Zhen, Li Junli, Zhang Jiudan, et al. Influences of ecological water conveyance on Populus euphratica forest restoration in the middle reaches of Tarim River[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(1): 94-102.] |
| [39] | 张静静, 郝海超, 郝兴明, 等. 塔里木河下游生态输水对天然植被NPP的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(3): 708-717. |
| [39] | [Zhang Jingjing, Hao Haichao, Hao Xingming, et al. Effects of ecological water conveyance on NPP of natural vegetation in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(3): 708-717.] |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
