Abstract: Xinjiang is the region with the largest desert of our country, and where the oasis are the essence microscopically, the distribution of the oasis towns of xinjiang shows the character of the circle, the belt, and the fragment in shape. Usually, the distribution rule of the oasis towns changes along with the topography, source of water and land quality. Based on the local geomorphologic type, the oasis towns in Xinjiang are divided nto six kinds. According to the statistics data, the towns of alluvial fan type are almost half of all the towns in Xinjiang in number, their development is limited by the natural factors such as：geology, topography, source of water, land quality etc. However, the need of the social economy and communications and transportation is the leading factor in lowns formation and development the natural and artificial disasters, decrease of water iesources, the change of communications line and towns’ function can all cause the oasis lowns to decline and even wither away.