塔里木河流域地表水地下水的水化学特征及控制因素分析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.464

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

聚焦塔里木河流域在气候变化与高强度人类活动叠加影响下所面临的水体盐分来源不清、迁移机制不明等关键问题，尤其针对水环境劣化与盐平衡失调对水资源可持续利用及生态安全形成的制约，系统开展了水化学时空分异特征及其驱动机制研究，于2023—2024年枯水期与丰水期采集地表水与地下水样品，综合运用水化学方法及APCS-MLR模型进行解析。结果表明：（1）总溶解性固体（TDS）与离子浓度枯水期高于丰水期、地下水高于地表水，地表水化学类型随季节变化指示补给来源由地下水向冰川融水转变。（2）地下水化学受蒸发浓缩与岩盐溶解控制，地表水以碳酸盐风化为主。（3） TDS自西向东、自上中游向下游递增，反映灌溉排水盐分回流的显著影响。（4）模型解析显示，地下水离子主要来源于盐岩碳酸盐溶解（33.33%）和蒸发浓缩-盐岩溶解（12.00%），地表水离子主要来自碳酸盐类矿物溶解（67.00%）和农业活动（25.70%），地下水未知源（54.67%）贡献较高，指示存在多源污染混合及复杂水文地球化学过程。研究揭示了流域水化学受自然与人为因素共同驱动，可为区域水盐调控与生态保护提供科学依据。

关键词: 塔里木河, 水化学, 溶质来源, 控制因素

Abstract:

To address the key issues confronting the Tarim River Basin under the synergistic impacts of climate change and intensive human activities, specifically unclear salinity sources and unknown migration mechanisms, this study explores the constraints imposed by water-environment degradation and salt-balance disruption on sustainable use of water resources and ecological security. The spatiotemporal characteristics and drivers of water chemistry in the Tarim River Basin are systematically investigated. Surface water and groundwater samples collected during the 2023—2024 dry and wet seasons are comprehensively analyzed by integrating hydrochemical techniques with the absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression model. The results indicate the following: (1) Total dissolved solids (TDS) and ionic concentrations are higher in the dry season and in groundwater than in the wet season and surface water, respectively; surface water hydrochemical types change seasonally, indicating a recharge-source transition from groundwater to glacial meltwater. (2) Groundwater chemistry is controlled by evaporative concentration and rock salt dissolution, whereas surface water is mainly influenced by carbonate weathering. (3) TDS concentrations increase from west to east and from the upper and middle reaches to the lower ones, reflecting the significant impact of salt-return flows from irrigation drainage. (4) Model analysis shows that groundwater ions mainly originate from rock salt/carbonate dissolution (33.33%) and evaporation con centration-rock salt dissolution (12.00%), whereas surface water ions primarily stem from carbonate mineral dissolution (67.00%) and agricultural activities (25.70%). Groundwater contributions from unknown sources are relatively high (54.67%), indicating the presence of mixed, multisource pollution and complex hydrogeochemical processes. This study reveals that the hydrochemistry of the basin is synergistically driven by natural and human factors, providing a scientific basis for regional water-salt regulation and ecological security.

Key words: Tarim River, hydrochemistry, solute sources, controlling mechanisms

杨益, 穆振侠, 凌红波, 张延蕾, 邓悦. 塔里木河流域地表水地下水的水化学特征及控制因素分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2026, 49(6): 1122-1134.

YANG Yi, MU Zhenxia, LING Hongbo, ZHANG Yanlei, DENG Yue. Hydrochemical characteristics and controlling mechanisms of surface water and groundwater in the Tarim River Basin[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(6): 1122-1134.

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类型	项目	TDS	主要离子浓度
类型	项目	TDS	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	HCO₃^-
枯水期地下水（N=31)	最大值	68390.0	1378.9	2329.5	47908.9	932.7	63677.2	10780.6	589.0
	最小值	69.4	9.7	25.5	3.8	7.9	60.6	101.6	41.2
	平均值	6587.5	170.1	265.5	2816.7	71.4	3798.6	1213.9	289.9
	标准差	16773.7	284.9	518.6	9038.5	191.7	12125.9	2360.7	154.8
枯水期地表水（N=72）	最大值	12045.9	481.1	466.8	1212.6	2939.7	4123.8	2839.5	248.5
	最小值	129.1	14.5	3.9	1.3	2.4	2.6	14.7	33.5
	平均值	1025.1	67.4	45.0	41.6	164.8	252.5	252.4	120.6
	标准差	2007.0	76.2	81.4	181.9	475.5	684.5	486.9	56.2
丰水期地下水（N=20）	最大值	14333.0	782.4	1704.2	11775.1	361.4	18393.3	8303.1	778.0
	最小值	610.0	10.5	28.3	8.8	8.2	71.4	91.4	166.6
	平均值	2835.0	201.8	290.6	1349.5	58.4	2044.7	1390.9	355.5
	标准差	3686.3	225.7	408.8	2541.0	81.1	3972.1	1970.2	170.8
丰水期地表水（N=27）	最大值	9660.0	414.7	398.7	2170.6	410.4	2992.3	2931.6	346.2
	最小值	227.0	48.0	12.5	1.3	3.9	5.0	42.2	85.1
	平均值	790.1	83.0	34.8	52.7	67.3	136.6	222.2	165.3
	标准差	1289.6	61.7	54.1	294.3	82.7	406.1	400.1	57.4

地下水				地表水
编号	水化学类型	枯水期	丰水期	编号	水化学类型	枯水期	丰水期
20	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg	22.58	0.00	41	SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg	15.56	0.00
41	SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg	25.81	40.00	19	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg	4.44	13.73
40	SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg	3.23	0.00	16	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Ca·Mg	6.67	15.69
48	Cl-Na·Mg	3.23	0.00	42	SO₄·Cl-Na	6.67	1.96
42	SO₄·Cl-Na	12.90	20.00	9	HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg	11.11	15.96
21	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na	6.45	5.00	11	HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Ca	17.78	5.88
19	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg	9.68	20.00	18	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca	13.33	17.65
49	Cl-Na	12.90	5.00	2	HCO₃-Ca·Mg	4.44	3.92
6	HCO₃-Na·Mg	3.23	0.00	29	SO₄-Ca	4.44	1.96
18	HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca	0.00	10.00	8	HCO₃·SO₄-Ca	4.44	9.80

总方差解释				旋转后的成分矩阵
成分	总计	方差百分比	累积/%	水质指标	成分1	成分2
1	5.624/5.802	70.296/72.528	70.296/72.528	Ca²⁺	0.904/0.847	0.286/0.325
2	1.442/1.090	18.025/13.622	88.320/86.149	Mg²⁺	0.881/0.952	0.400/0.273
3	0.581/0.851	7.266/10.635	95.586/96.784	Cl^-	0.985/0.954	-0.022/0.236
4	0.214/0.238	2.679/2.973	98.266/99.758	SO₄^2-	0.882/0.980	0.422/0.176
5	0.089/0.017	1.110/0.207	99.376/99.965	HCO₃^-	-0.054/0.114	0.863/0.675
6	0.041/0.002	0.516/0.021	99.892/99.986	TDS	0.264/0.963	0.775/0.258
7	0.009/0.001	0.107/0.010	100.000/99.996	Na⁺	0.978/0.773	-0.039/-0.492
8	0.000/0.000	0.000/0.004	100.000/100.000	K⁺	0.962/0.620	0.042/0.667