生态移民安置区生境破碎化研究——以疏勒河移民安置工程为例

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.060

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态移民是为了改善人居环境、缓解生态压力而形成的特殊移民，是实现联合国可持续发展目标的重要举措。然而由于大规模移民的外部性迁入，导致安置区生境破碎化更剧烈和更特殊。综合应用景观格局指数，系统地对疏勒河移民安置区生境转化和破碎化的时空过程与特征展开了研究。结果表明：（1）移民期间，疏勒河移民安置区域内，人工生境逐渐替代自然生境，同时，从移民初期至移民中期、移民末期以及后移民期，整体呈现出从突变到平稳再到剧变的规律。除此之外，移民安置区数量越多、分布越分散，人工生境扩张趋势越明显。（2）总斑块数量、边界密度、多样性、均匀度均呈现持续增加趋势，而蔓延度和聚合度则持续下降，这表明生境在向破碎化、多样化以及复杂化方向转变。相较于小型移民安置基地和移民安置点，大型移民安置基地破碎化程度更高，这反映出移民规模对生境破碎化存在一定影响；值得注意的是，在自然生境的破碎化程度加重的同时，人工生境破碎化程度趋于收敛。因此，研究认为生态移民是导致生境破碎化的关键因素。

关键词: 生态移民, 生境破碎化, 景观格局指数, 人工生境扩张, 疏勒河移民安置区

Abstract:

Ecological migration constitutes a specialized form of relocation aimed at enhancing theliving conditions of environments and alleviating ecological pressure. It represents a strategy, critical for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Nevertheless, large-scale migration has intensified habitat fragmentation in resettlement areas. This study employed landscape pattern indices to comprehensively analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics and characteristics of habitat transformation and fragmentation within the Shule River resettlement area, Guazhou County, China. The findings indicated that: (1) During the migration period, artificial habitats progressively replaced the natural ones, following a distinct pattern of migration phases: Initial→intermediate→final→post-migration, characterized by an abrupt change→stabilization→dramatic fluctuation. As the dispersion of migrant resettlement areas increases, the expansion of artificial habitats becomes more pronounced. (2) Key metrics such as the total number of plaques, boundary density, diversity, and uniformity continued to elevate, while spread and aggregation continued to decline. These trends suggest a trajectory toward habitat fragmentation, diversification, and complexity. Large-scale resettlement bases demonstrated higher degrees of fragmentation compared to the small-scale counterparts, underscoring the influence of migration levels on habitat fragmentation. Despite the increasing disruption of natural habitats, artificial habitats (e.g., cultivated and construction lands) exhibited converging fragmentation patterns. Ecological migration was the key cause of habitat disintegration.

Key words: ecological migration, habitat fragmentation, landscape pattern index, artificial habitat expansion, Shule River resettlement area

王录仓, 廖婷. 生态移民安置区生境破碎化研究——以疏勒河移民安置工程为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2025, 48(12): 2247-2259.

WANG Lucang, LIAO Ting. Impact of ecological migration on habitat fragmentation in resettlement areas: Take the Shule River Resettlement Project as an example[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(12): 2247-2259.

图/表 8

表1

图1

表2

景观格局指数"

名称	计算公式	公式说明	表征意义
总斑块数（NP）	$\mathrm{N}\mathrm{P}=\stackrel{n}{\displaystyle\sum _{i}}{n}_{i}$	n_i为i类生境的斑块指数	数值越大，破碎度越高
斑块密度（PD）	$\mathrm{P}\mathrm{D}=\frac{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{P}}{{A}_{i}}\times 10000$	NP为第i类生境的斑块数；A_i为i类生境的总面积（km²）	表征破碎化程度和空间分布格局的不均匀性与复杂性。数值越大，破碎度越高
边界密度（ED）	$\mathrm{E}\mathrm{D}=\frac{\stackrel{m}{\displaystyle\sum _{k-1}}{e}_{ik}}{A}\times 1000$	e_ik为i类生境第k斑块的边缘长度（km）；A为生境总面积（km²）	反映生境类型的边界特征和边缘效应。值越大，异质斑块越多，生境越破碎
蔓延度（C）	$C=\left[1+\frac{\stackrel{m}{\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{m}{\displaystyle\sum _{k=1}}\left({P}_{i}\times \frac{{g}_{ik}}{\stackrel{m}{\displaystyle\sum _{k=1}}{g}_{ik}}\right)\times \mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\left({P}_{i}\times \frac{{g}_{ik}}{\stackrel{m}{\displaystyle\sum _{k=1}}{g}_{ik}}\right)}{2\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}m}\right]\times 100\mathrm{\%}$	m为斑块类型总数；P_i为i类斑块面积占总面积的比例；g_ik为第i类斑块与第k类斑块相邻的边数（基于像元邻域，通常为8邻域）	反映不同生境类型的延展程度。指数高说明某类斑块形成良好的连接性；反之则说明该处的生境由多种斑块共同构成，具有复杂性且破碎化程度高
聚合度（AI）	$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{I}=\left(\frac{{g}_{ii}}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\to {g}_{ii}}\right)\times 100\mathrm{\%}$	g_ii为第i斑块中，同类斑块像元间相邻的公共边界长度，AI⊆(0,100]	值越大，同类生境斑块越聚集，破碎度越低。高值表明生境由大簇组成，低值表明生境由许多小块组成
多样性（SHDI）	$\mathrm{S}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}=-\stackrel{m}{\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}}({P}_{i}\times \mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{P}_{i})$	P_i为第i类生境占全部生境面积之比；m为生境类型数	SHDI=0，表明整个生境由一种组成；SHDI逐渐增大，表明不同类型生境斑块增多并且趋于均衡化，反映生境类型的丰富度和复杂度
均匀度（SHEI）	$\mathrm{S}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{I}=\frac{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}}{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}m}$	m为生境类型数	当SHEI=0，无多样性；当SHEI=1，表明各生境面积均匀分布，有最大多样性
分维数（FRAC）	$\mathrm{P}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{C}=\frac{2\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}({P}_{i}/4)}{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{A}_{i}}$	P_i为斑块i的周长；A_i为斑块i的面积	数值越小，斑块边界越近于直线；反之则表示边界形状越复杂

表2

表3

图2

图3

图4

表4

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灌区名称	乡镇、农场名称	迁入户数/户	迁入人数/人
昌马灌区	双塔乡	2762	12988
	七墩乡	1467	7103
	七道沟分场	1568	8755
	黄花农场	770	3861
	饮马农场	429	2667
	扎花村	459	2534
双塔灌区	梁湖分场	1575	7769
双塔灌区	环城乡	342	1650
花海灌区	毕家滩乡	1390	6301
花海灌区	独山子分场	1823	8372
合计		12585	62000

生境类型	安置区类型	移民初期	移民中期	移民末期	后移民期	1996—2020年
耕地	大型移民安置基地	4.078	3.594	3.795	4.782	20.559
	4个小型移民安置基地	1.656	3.485	4.184	9.992	24.905
	6个移民安置点	17.612	14.316	14.405	2.463	62.028
	小计	23.346	21.395	22.384	17.237	107.492
建设用地	大型移民安置基地	0.618	0.010	0.001	0.016	0.027
	4个小型移民安置基地	0.005	0.086	0.220	0.108	1.100
	6个移民安置点	2.176	0.082	0.051	-0.378	0.000
	小计	8.241	0.178	0.272	-0.254	1.127
草地	大型移民安置基地	49.740	-0.981	-3.069	-4.238	-8.975
	4个小型移民安置基地	0.007	5.199	3.812	-7.037	13.941
	6个移民安置点	0.023	10.102	-5.638	-55.519	0.000
	小计	49.770	14.320	-4.895	-66.794	4.966
水域	大型移民安置基地	-6.261	-0.006	0.000	0.030	0.031
	4个小型移民安置基地	-10.537	0.025	0.000	-0.043	0.008
	6个移民安置点	-67.357	0.017	0.000	-0.017	0.000
	小计	-84.155	0.036	0.000	-0.030	0.039
荒地	大型移民安置基地	1.656	-2.618	-0.726	-0.596	-11.649
	4个小型移民安置基地	17.612	-8.795	-8.217	-169.878	-206.810
	6个移民安置点	0.000	-24.518	-8.817	115.478	0.000
	小计	19.268	-35.931	-17.760	-54.996	-218.459

景观格局指数	安置区类型	1996年	2002年	2003年	2007年	2010年	2015年	2021年
NP	大型移民安置基地	24.00	25.00	27.00	21.00	24.00	26.00	22.00
	4个小型移民安置基地	170.00	157.00	158.00	159.00	171.00	185.00	196.00
	6个移民安置点	378.00	355.00	353.00	399.00	396.00	406.00	454.00
ED	大型移民安置基地	5.78	5.37	5.59	5.48	5.96	5.91	6.22
	4个小型移民安置基地	1.36	1.32	1.32	1.38	1.45	1.64	1.64
	6个移民安置点	2.37	2.47	2.49	2.59	2.61	2.53	2.62
C	大型移民安置基地	46.35	43.13	42.66	41.41	40.16	40.67	41.37
	4个小型移民安置基地	85.04	86.60	86.51	85.80	85.46	84.37	84.36
	6个移民安置点	81.46	80.16	80.01	78.87	78.73	78.23	78.72
SHDI	大型移民安置基地	0.73	0.81	0.82	0.88	0.90	0.91	0.91
	4个小型移民安置基地	0.29	0.31	0.31	0.33	0.34	0.36	0.36
	6个移民安置点	0.39	0.43	0.43	0.46	0.46	0.48	0.46
SHEI	大型移民安置基地	0.66	0.74	0.74	0.80	0.82	0.83	0.83
	4个小型移民安置基地	0.21	0.19	0.19	0.20	0.21	0.22	0.22
	6个移民安置点	0.24	0.26	0.27	0.28	0.29	0.30	0.28
AI	大型移民安置基地	82.34	83.63	83.01	83.49	82.24	82.58	81.50
	4个小型移民安置基地	95.85	95.98	95.97	95.83	95.64	95.16	95.18
	6个移民安置点	93.56	93.32	93.29	93.03	92.99	93.20	92.97
FRAC	大型移民安置基地	1.03	1.03	1.03	1.03	1.03	1.03	1.04
	4个小型移民安置基地	1.02	1.02	1.02	1.03	1.03	1.03	1.03
	6个移民安置点	1.02	1.03	1.03	1.02	1.02	1.02	1.02