城市化对云南高原楚雄市近年来城市热岛效应影响研究

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 气象学界对北京、上海、兰州、乌鲁木齐、昆明等大城市的城市热岛效应进行了大量研究，但用于城市和郊区对比的气象站比较少，对云南高原中小城市的城市热岛效应研究较少。近年来随着我国经济的发展，一些位于生态脆弱区的边远地区城市化发展对区域气候和环境带来的影响备受关注。楚雄市地处云南高原中部，主要位于南亚季风气候区，近年来气象灾害频繁，是世界上生态和气候脆弱区之一，该地区城市化发展对区域气候的影响引起人们的广泛关注。2010年以来在云南高原楚雄市城郊建立了多个加密气象站，很大程度上提高了研究数据的可靠性，基于楚雄市气象局近5 a来城市和郊区10个气象观测站的实测数据和社会统计数据，将气象站点资料分成城市气象站与郊区气象站资料并进行对比分析，利用Excel和surfer软件制作图表对楚雄市热岛强度的时空分布特征及影响机理进行了研究，并提出了减轻热岛效应的对策。结果表明：时间分布上，近年来城市热岛强度呈先下降后上升趋势，热岛强度最大是在2010年（1.8℃），最小是在2013年（1.2℃）；3月份热岛强度最强（2.6℃），8月份最弱（0.9℃）；春季热岛强度最强（2.0℃），冬季次强（1.9℃），夏季热岛强度最弱（1.0℃），秋季次弱（1.5℃）；日变化热岛强度最大是在夜间02时（2.0℃），最弱是在在白天14时（-0.3℃）。在空间分布上，城市热岛中心位于城市中心，城市热岛强度分布呈城区中心向外递减的趋势，这与楚雄市地形及土地利用现状有很强的对应关系。影响楚雄市热岛强度最大的自然因素是风速，其次为蒸发量、云量和降水量；影响楚雄市热岛强度最大的人为因素是能源消耗量，其次为建成区面积和烟粉尘排放量。研究结论将对认识云南高原城市发展的区域气候效应机理，及其城市防灾减灾和可持续发展具有重要的科学意义。

关键词: 楚雄市, 城市热岛效应, 气温, 灰色关联分析, 城市发展

Abstract: Although many studies have been done on urban heat island effect in many metropolis such as Beijing, Shanghai,Lanzhou,Urumqi,and Kunming City,the weather stations which are used to make comparison between cities and suburbs are few,the urban heat island effect research is also few in medium-sized cities of Yunnan plateau. In recent years,with the development of Chinese economy,the topic "urban development impact on regional climate and environment" gets lots of attentions in some remote and ecologically fragile areas. Located in the central of Yunnan Plateau and belong to South Asian monsoon climate,Chuxiong City suffered frequently the meteorological disasters recently,making it rather important to study the influence of urbanization on regional climate in Chuxiong City. Since more weather stations were established in Chuxiong City and its suburb after 2010,the reliability of data was improved. Based on the measured data and statistical data from 10 weather stations of Chuxiong City Bureau of Meteorology in recent five years,this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and influencing mechanism of the intensity of heat island in Chuxiong City. Results show that at time scale,the intensity of heat island in Chuxiong increased first and then soon decreased in recent years;the maximum intensity of heat island appeared in 2010(1.8℃),and the minimum intensity of heat island appeared in 2013(1.2℃);during a year,the intensity of heat island showed the trend Spring(2.0) > Winter (1.9) > Autumn(1.5℃) > Summer(1.0℃),with the maximum intensity of heat island appeared in March (2.6℃),and the minimum intensity of heat island appeared in August(0.9℃);in a day,the maximum intensity of heat island appeared in 02 a.m.(2.0℃),and the minimum intensity of heat island appeared in 14 p.m. (-0.3℃). At spatial scale,the center of urban heat island intensity was also the center of Chuxiong City,and presented outward diminishing trend,which showed high correlations with topography and land-use situation of Chuxiong City. The most important natural factor that influences the intensity of heat island was wind speed; evaporation,cloud cover and precipitation were the secondary important natural factors;the most important human factor that influences the intensity of heat island was energy consumption;built-up urban area and smoke&dust emissions were the secondary important human factors. The conclusions will make important scientific contributions to the study of regional climate effect on city development in Yunnan plateau,and also the urban disaster prevention and reduction and sustainable development.

Key words: Chuxiong City, urban heat island effect, temperature, grey relational analysis, urban development

中图分类号:

何萍, 李矜霄, 矣永正, 张清艳, 刘树华. 城市化对云南高原楚雄市近年来城市热岛效应影响研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2016, 39(4): 687-694.

HE Ping, LI Jinxiao, YI Yong-zheng, ZHANG Qing-yan, LIU Shu-hua. Influence research of urbanization on urban heat island effect in Chuxiong city on Yunnan Plateau in recent years[J]. , 2016, 39(4): 687-694.

参考文献

[1] 章伟策.城市地表覆被类型变化及城市热岛效应研究——以嘉兴、绍兴和湖州城区为例[D]. 临安:浙江农林大学,2012:155-185.[ZHANG Weice. Analysis on urban heat island effect and the dynamical change of urban surface biophysical descriptors:case study in Ningbo,Shaoxing and Huzhou Urban Area[D]. Lin'an:Zhejiang University Of Agriculture and Forestry, 2012:155-185.]

[2] 周志民. 城市热岛遥感研究进展[J]. 安徽农业科学,2011,(1):606-607.[ZHOU Zhiming. Research progress on urban heat island based on remote sensing technology[J]. Journal of Anhui Agri.Sci,2011,39(1):606-607.]

[3] 白杨,王晓云. 城市热岛效应研究进展[J]. 气象与环境学报, 2013,29(2):101-106.[BAI Yang,WANG Xiaoyun. Progress of urban heat island effect[J]. Journal of Meteorology and Environment, 2013,29(2):101-106.]

[4] 杨萍. 城市热岛效应的研究进展[J]echnology,2. 气象科技进展,2012,(1):16-46.[YANG Ping. Progress of urban heat island effect[J]. Advances in Meteorological Science and T012,(1):16-46.]

[5] 张保安. 城市热岛效应研究进展[J]. 四川环境,2007,26(2):88-91.[ZHANG Baoan.Progress of urban heat island effect[J]. Sichuan Environment,2007,26(2):88-91.]

[6] 田国珍. 临汾市城市热岛特征分析[J]. 科技情报开发与经济, 2008,18(27):129-131.[TIAN Guozhen. Analysis of characteristic of urban heat island[J]. Sci-Tech Information Development & Economy,2008,18(27):129-131.]

[7] 周淑贞,张超. 城市气候学导论[M]. 上海:华东师范大学出版社,1985.[ZHOU Shuzhen,ZHANG chao. An introduction to urban climatology[M]. Shanghai:East China Normal University Press,1985.]

[8] 周一星. 追忆地理学家张景哲教授的业绩[J]. 地理学报, 2012,67(7):992-996.[ZHOU Yixing. Recall the contribution of geographer Zhang Jingzhe professor[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012,67(7):992-996.]

[9] 孙奕敏,边海. 天津市城市热岛效应的综合性研究[J]. 气象学报,1988,46(3):341-348.[SUN Yimin,BIAN Hai. A comprehensive study on urban heat island effect in Tianjin[J]. Journal of meteorological research,1988,46(3):341-348.]

[10] 徐桂卿,赵苇航. 苏州城市气候与旧城改造[J]. 苏州大学学报, 1986,2(2):201-205.[XU Guiqing,ZHAO Weihang. The reform of urban climatology and old city in Suzhou[J]. Journal of Suzhou University(Natural Science),1986,2(2):201-205.]

[11] 张会宁,张一平,蓬云川,等. 昆明和北京两幢建筑物表面热力效应的观测对比[J]. 应用气象学报,2008,19(5):573-581.[ZHANG Huining,ZHANG Yiping,PENG Yunchuan,et al. Thermal effects of architecture surface in Kunming and Beijing[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2008,19(5):573-581.]

[12] 何萍,李宏波,张琴. 云南高原楚雄市城市发展规模与城市热岛效应关系分析[J]. 生态经济,2012,254(6):146-159.[HE Ping,LI Hongbo,ZHANG Qin. Relationship between urban development scale and heart island effect in Yunnan Plateau Chu-Xiong City[J]. Ecological Economy,2012,254(6):146-159.]

[13] 李宏波,何萍,张杰兵. 楚雄市2008年城市热岛效应实测数据分析[J]. 云南地理环境研究,2010,22(4):82-86.[LI Hongbo, HE Ping,ZHANG Jiebing. The analysis of metrical data on urban heat island effect in Chuxiong City 2008[J]. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research,2010,22(4):82-86.]

[14] 段昌群,何峰,刘嫦娥,等. 基于生态系统健康视角下的云南高原湖泊水环境问题的诊断与解决理念[J]. 中国工程科学, 2010,12(6):60-64.[DUAN Changqun,HE Feng,LIU Change, et al. Challenges and solutions of the water environmental issues of plateau lakes in Yunnan of China:from the perspective of ecosystem health[J]. China engineering Science,2010,12(6):60-64.]

[15] 张智,林莉. 银川平原气候变化特征分析[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(6):68-72.[ZHANG Zhi,LIN Li. The analysis on climate change characteristics in Yinchuan Plain[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2008,22(6):68-72.]

[16] 刘寿东,姜润,王成刚,等. 南京夏季城市热岛时空分布特征的观测分析[J]. 大气科学学报,2014,37(1):19-27.[LIU Shoudong, JIANG Run,WANG Chenggang,et al. Observation analysis on spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of summer urban heat island in Nanjing[J]. Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences,2014,37(1):19-27.]

[17] 王学萌,张继忠,王荣. 灰色系统分析及实用计算程序[M]. 武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001:1-64.[WANG Xuemen, ZHANG Jizong,WANG Rong. The grey system analysis and practical application[M]. Wuhan:Huazhong University of Technology Press,2001:1-64.]

[18] 缪兴锋. 灰关联模型在供应链合作伙伴选择中应用的研究[J]. 物流工程与管理,2009,(11):57-59.[MIAO Xinfeng. Application of grey correlation model in the selection of the partners of the supply chain[J]. Logistics Engineering and Management, 2009,(11):57-59.]

[19] 何萍,李宏波,刘韬,等. 云南高原城市楚雄和大理热岛效应变化特征[J]. 气象科技,2011,39(6):692-696.[HE Ping,LI Hongbo,LIU Tao,et al. Comparative analysis of characteristics of urban heat island change between Chuxiong and Dali in Yunnan Plateau[J]. Meteorological Science and Technology,2011, 39(6):692-696.]

[20] 孙学珍,周翠芳. 宁夏大武口区"城市热岛效应"观测资料对比分析[J]. 宁夏工程技术,2009,8(4):317-320.[SUN Xuezhen, ZHOU Cuifang. Comparative analysis of "urban heat island effect" observational data for Ningxia Dawukou District[J]. Ningxia Engineering Technology,2009,8(4):317-320.]

[21] 黄利萍. 天津地区城市热岛效应研究[D]. 南京:南京信息工程大学,2011.[HUANG Liping. Analysis of urban heat island effect in Tianjin[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing University Of Information Science & technology,2011.]

[22] 何萍,李宏波,束炯,等. 楚雄市城市气候特征分析——兼谈中国主要城市热岛强度对比分析[J]. 地理学报,2003,58(5); 712-720.[HE Ping,LI Hongbo,SU Jiong,et al. The analysis of the urban climate in Chuxiong of Yunnan:comparison of urban heat island effect in China[J]. Acta geographica sinica,2003,58(5);712-720.]

[23] 丁淑娟. 长春城市发展对城市热岛效应的影响和减缓对策研究[D]. 长春:东北师范大学,2008.[DING Shujuan. The analysis of urban heat island effect and mitigation countermeasures on urban development in Changchun City[D]. Changchun:Northeast Normal University,2008.]

[24] 何萍,陈辉,李宏波,等. 云南高原中小城市热岛效应因子的灰色分析[J]. 地理科学进展,2009,28(1):25-32.[HE Ping, CHEN Hui,LI Hongbo,et al. Grey analysis of the urban heat island effect factors on the medium-size city of Yunnan Plateau[J]. Progress of Geographical Sciences,2009,28(1):25-32.]

[25] 王志英. 广州市夏季高温影响因素及防御对策研究[J]. 气象研究与应用,2007,28(1):35-40.[WANG Zhiying. Research about summer high temperature influence factor and countermeasure in Guangzhou[J]. Journal of Meteorological Research and Application,2007,28(1):35-40.]

[26] 李瑶,潘竟虎. 基于Landsat 8劈窗算法与混合光谱分解的城市热岛空间格局分析-以兰州市中心城区为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2015,38(1):111-119.[LI Yao,PANG Jinghu.Spatial pattern on urban heat environment using split window algorithm and spectral mixture analysis based on Landsat 8 images:a case of Lanzhou City[J]. Arid Land Geography,2015,38(1):111-119.]

[27] 张健,章新平,王晓云,等. 北京地区气温多尺度分析和热岛效应[J]. 干旱区地理,2010,33(1):51-58.[ZHANG Jiang, ZHANG Xinping,WANG Xiaoyun,et al. Time scale analysis of tempreture and its urban heat island effect in Beijing[J]. Arid Land Geography,2010,33(1):51-58.]

[28] 马勇刚,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,黄粤,等. 城市景观格局变化对城市热岛效应的影响-以乌鲁木齐市为例[J]. 干旱区研究,2006,23(1):172-176.[MA Yonggang,TIYIP Tashpolat, HUANG Yue,et al. Effects of landscape pattern change on urban heatisland effect in arid areas:a case study in Urumqi[J]. Arid Zone Research,2006,23(1):172-176.]