一个新的荒漠河岸林需水量估算方法及其在塔里木河下游的应用

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过检验一个使用气象数据和植被参数实现逐日计算不同植物种需水量, 并能反映其空间变化的荒漠河岸林需水量估算模型, 并基于2013年的气象和遥感数据, 分析了塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林需水量的时空动态特征. 结果表明: 在现有植被分布和盖度下, 塔里木河下游河岸林年总需水量为1.035×10⁸m³, 其中柽柳群落需水4.499×10⁷m³, 胡杨群落需水5.855×10⁷m³; 单位面积河岸林平均需水量为139.6mm, 胡杨群落需水量比柽柳群落多63.0mm; 河岸林展叶期和落叶期需水量较少, 而生长盛期每天大约需水75×10⁴m³. 模型强调植被空间分布对需水量的影响, 能够动态描述需水量的时空变化, 为内陆河水资源管理提供更丰富的信息和准确的结果.

关键词: 塔里木河下游, 荒漠河岸林, 胡杨, 柽柳, 植被需水量

Abstract: In this paper, an estimation model for water requirement of desert riparian forests was proposed. The model could achieve the target of daily calculation and reflect spatial variation of water requirement for different vegetation species by using normal meteorological data and vegetation parameters. Then, spatial and temporal distribution of water requirement of riparian forests in the lower reaches of Tarim River was analyzed using this model. The most important part of the model is α_p and K_b, which reflect the influence of different vegetation types and plant physiology respectively. The values of α_p·K_b in different growing periods in a vibrant growing Tamarix spp. stand and a Populus euphratica Oliv stand were acquired by fitting the data of measured ET and calculated ET₀ and fitting the data of ET/ET₀ and inversed leaf area index(LAI). Then, based on the meteorological data and remote sensing images of 2013 in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the spatio-temporal dynamics of riparian forests water requirement in the lower reaches of Tarim River was analyzed. Results showed as follows: (1)values of ET/ET₀ had a good correlation with the LAI in the germination and leaf expansion period and the leaf senescence period, and ET had a good correlation with ET₀ in the vibrant growing season, which indicated that the values of α p·K_b in the three different growing stages for tamarisk stand and P. euphratica stand were reasonable; (2)model checking based on observed data from the tamarisk stand indicated that this model could estimate water requirement and its daily dynamics of tamarisk stand with relatively high accuracy(NSE=0.780, RMSD= 0.677); (3)the annual total water requirement of the riparian forests was 1.035×10⁸m³, with the tamarisk forests 4.499×10⁷m³ and the P. euphratica forests 5.855×10⁷m³ in the existing vegetation distribution and coverage conditions. The average water requirement of the riparian forests per unite area was 139.6mm, the value of P. euphratica forests was 63mm more than tamarisk forests; (4)the whole riparian forests water requirement was relatively little in leaf expansion period(1.469×10⁷m³)and in leaf senescence period(0.641×10⁷m³), however, it was 8.244×10⁷m³ in vibrant growing season. The distribution of water requirement was connected with vegetation types and its coverage, the denser of the vegetation the more water it required. The model presented in this paper emphasized the impact of spatial variability of distribution of the desert riparian forests to water requirement, described time-space transformation and enhanced the estimation accuracy of water requirement and could provide more information and more accurate results for inland river resources management.

Key words: the lower reaches of Tarim River, desert riparian forests, Populus euphratica, tamarisk, vegetation water requirement

中图分类号:

S715.5

朱绪超, 袁国富, 唐新斋, 邵明安, 罗毅. 一个新的荒漠河岸林需水量估算方法及其在塔里木河下游的应用[J]. 干旱区地理, 2016, 39(2): 368-377.

ZHU Xu-chao, YUAN Guo-fu, TANG Xin-zhai, SHAO Ming-an, LUO Yi. A new method for estimating water requirement of desert riparian forests and its application in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J]. , 2016, 39(2): 368-377.

参考文献

[1] 朱海勇, 陈永金, 刘加珍, 等. 塔里木河中下游地下水化学及其演变特征分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2013, 36(1): 8-18.[ZHU Haiyong, CHEN Yongjin, LIU Jiazhen, et al. Variation and evolution of groundwater chemistry in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2013, 36(1): 8-18.]

[2] 周洪华, 李卫红, 冷超, 等. 绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型防护林体系环境效益及其生态功能[J]. 干旱区地理, 2012, 35(1): 82-90.[ZHOU Honghua, LI Weihong, LENG Chao, et al. Effect of environmental and ecological function of shelterbelts in oasis-desert ecotone of the lower Tarim River[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2012, 35(1): 82-90.]

[3] 邓铭江. 中国塔里木河治水理论与实践[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009.[DENG Mingjiang. Theory and practice of water-control in Tarim River[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2009.]

[4] 陈永金, 刘加珍, 陈亚宁, 等. 输水前后塔里木河下游物种多样性与水因子的关系[J]. 生态学报, 2013, 33(7): 2212-2224.[CHEN Yongjin, LIU Jiazhen, CHEN Yaning, et al. Analysis of the relationship between species diversity and hydrologic factors during an interval of intermittent water delivery at the lower reaches of Tarim River, China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(7): 2212-2224.]

[5] 湾疆辉, 陈亚宁, 李卫红, 等. 塔里木河下游断流河道输水后潜水埋深变化规律研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2008, 31(3): 428-435.[WAN Jianghui, CHEN Yaning, LI Weihong, et al. Variation of groundwater level after ecological water transport in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in recent six years[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2008, 31(3): 428-435.]

[6] TAO H, GEMMER M, SONG Y D, et al. Ecohydrological responses on water diversion in the lower reaches of the Tarim River, China[J].Water Resources Research, 2008, 44: 408-422.

[7] 邓铭江. 论塔里木河流域综合治理中的水权管理[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2010.[DENG Mingjiang. A preliminary study on water right management in the Tarim River Basin comprehensive management[M]. Beijing: ChinaWater Power Press, 2010.]

[8] 何永涛, 闵庆文, 李文华. 植被生态需水研究进展及展望[J]. 资源科学, 2005, 27(4): 8-13.[HE Yongtao, MIN Qingwen, LI Wenhua. Progress and perspectives on ecological water requirement of vegetation[J]. Resources Science, 2005, 27(4): 8-13.]

[9] 胡广录, 赵文智, 谢国勋. 干旱区植被生态需水理论研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2008, 23(2): 193-200.[HU Guanglu, ZHAO Wenzhi, XIE Guoxun. Advances on theories of ecological water requirements of vegetation in arid area[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2008, 23(2): 193-200.]

[10] 夏军, 郑冬燕, 刘青娥. 西北地区生态环境需水估算的几个问题研讨[J]. 水文, 2002, 22(5): 12-17.[XIA Jun, ZHENG Dongyan, LIU Qing'e. Study on evaluation of eco-water demand in northwest China[J]. Hydrology, 2002, 22(5): 12-17.]

[11] 程国栋, 赵传燕. 西北干旱区生态需水研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2006, 21(11): 1101-1108.[CHENG Guodong, ZHAO Chuanyan. Study on ecological water demand in arid area of northwestern China[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2006, 21(11): 1101-1108.]

[12] 陈亚宁, 郝兴明, 李卫红, 等. 干旱区内陆河流域的生态安全与生态需水量研究——兼谈塔里木河生态需水量问题[J]. 地球科学进展, 2008, 23(7): 732-738.[CHEN Yaning, HAO Xingming, LI Weihong, et al. An analysis of the ecological security and ecological water requirements in the inland river of arid region[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2008, 23(7): 732-738.]

[13] 刘昌明. 西北地区生态环境建设区域配置及生态环境需水量研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2003.[LIU Changming. Study of regional allocation of ecological environment construction and ecological water requirement in northwest area of China[M]. Beijing: Sciences Press, 2004.]

[14] 王根绪, 张钰, 刘桂民, 等. 干旱内陆流域河道外生态需水量评价——以黑河流域为例[J]. 生态学报, 2005, 25(10): 2467-2476.[WANG Genxu, ZHANG Yu, LIU Guimin, et al. Water demand evaluation of riverside ecosystem in arid inland river basin: the case of Heihe River Basin[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(10): 2467-2476.]

[15] ZHAO W Z, CHANG X L, HE Z B, et al. Study on vegetation ecological water requirement in Ejina Oasis[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2007, 50(1): 121-129.

[16] 窦明, 马军霞, 李桂秋. 西北地区生态建设及需水量研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2006, 29(6): 803-809.[DOU Ming, MA Junxia, LI Guiqiu. Research on ecological rehabilitation and water demand in northwest China[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2006, 29 (6): 803-809.]

[17] YE Z X, CHEN Y N, Li W H. Ecological water demand of natural vegetation in the lower Tarim River[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2010, 20(2): 261-272.

[18] 刘新华, 徐海量, 凌红波, 等. 塔里木河下游生态需水估算[J]. 中国沙漠, 2013, 33(4): 1198-1205.[LIU Xinhua, XU Hailiang, LING Hongbo, et al. Ecological water requirement in the lower reaches of the Tarim River[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2013, 33(4): 1198-1205.]

[19] ALLEN R G, PEREIRA L S, RAES D, et al. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No.56[R]. United Nations, FAO, Rome, Italy, 1998.

[20] IRMAK S, KABENGE I, RUDNICK D, et al. Evapotranspiration crop coefficients for mixed riparian plant community and transpiration crop coefficients for common reed, cottonwood and peach-leaf willow in the Platte River Basin, Nebraska-USA[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2013, 481: 177-190.

[21] MESHRAM D T, GORANTIWAR S D, MITRAL H K, et al. Comparison of reference crop evapotranspiration methods in western part of Maharashtra State[J]. Journal of Agrometeorology, 2010, 12(1): 44-46.

[22] SPANO D, SNYDER R L, SIRCA C, et al. ECOWAT: A model for ecosystem evapotranspiration estimation[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2009, 149(10): 1584-1596.

[23] YUAN G F, ZHANG P, SHAO MA, et al. Energy and water exchanges over a riparian Tamarix spp. stand in the lower Tarim River Basin under a hyper-arid climate[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2014, 194: 144-154.

[24] YUAN G F, LUO Y, SHAO M A, et al. Evapotranspiration and its main controlling mechanism over the desert riparian forests in the lower Tarim River Basin[J]. Science China: Earth Sciences, 2015, 58(6): 1032-1042.

[25] 张元明, 陈亚宁, 张小雷. 塔里木河下游植物群落分布格局及其环境解释[J]. 地理学报, 2004, 59(6): 903-110.[ZHANG Yuanming, CHEN Yaning, ZHANG Xiaolei. Plant communities and their interrelations with environmental factors in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59 (6): 903-910.]

[26] 朱绪超, 袁国富, 邵明安, 等. 塔里木河下游河岸带植被的空间结构特征[J]. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(11): 1053-1061.[ZHU Xuchao, YUAN Guofu, SHAO Ming'an, et al. Spatial pattern of riparian vegetation in desert of the lower Tarim River basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(11): 1053-1061.]

[27] 朱绪超, 袁国富, 易小波, 等. 基于Landsat 8 OLI影像的塔里木河下游河岸林叶面积指数反演[J]. 干旱区地理, 2014, 37(6): 1248-1256.[ZHU Xuchao, YUAN Guofu, YI Xiaobo, et al. Leaf area index inversion of riparian forest in the lower basin of Tarim River based on Landsat 8 OLI images[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2014, 37(6): 1248-1256.]

[28] FOLEY J A, PRENTICE I C, RAMANKUTTY N, et al. An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1996, 10(4): 603-628.

[29] 白永强. 盐池沙地主要灌木种的物候及生长规律研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 1998, 12(2): 82-86.[BAI Yongqiang. Study on phenological patterns of the main shrubs in Yanchi sandy land[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 1998, 12 (2): 82-86.]

[30] 杨自辉, 俄有浩. 干旱沙区46 种木本植物的物候研究——以民勤沙生植物园栽培植物为例[J]. 西北植物学报, 20(6): 1102-1109.[YANG Zihui, E Youhao. A phenology research on the main xylophyte in arid desert area: An example on cultivated plants of Minqin Desert Botanical Garden[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2000, 20(6): 1102-1109.]

[31] 买尔燕古丽·阿不都热合曼, 艾里西尔·库尔班, 阿迪力·阿不来提, 等. 塔里木河下游胡杨物候特征观测[J]. 干旱区研究, 2008, 25(4): 525-530.[MARYAMGUL Abdurahman, ALISHIR Kurban, ADIL Ablat, et al. Study on phenological characters of Populus euphratica Oliv. in the lower reaches of the Tarim River[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2008, 25(4): 525-530.]

[32] LEGATES D R, MCCABE G J. Evaluating the use of“goodness-of-fit”measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation[J]. Water Resources Research, 1999, 35(1): 233-241.

[33] 赵英时. 遥感应用分析原理与方法[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009.[ZHAO Yingshi. Principle and method of analysis of remote sensing application[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2009.]