河西走廊中东部春季沙尘暴变化特征及其典型个例分析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.05.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

河西走廊中东部是我国春季沙尘暴的高发区和重灾区,近40 a来共造成经济损失超15×10⁸元,近百人死亡。该区春季沙尘暴具有明显的日变化,为了深入分析其时间变化规律,提高预报预警能力,利用该区3个代表站1961-2019年沙尘暴地面观测资料及2019年5月2次沙尘暴过程的气象资料,采用天气学、动力学和统计学相结合的方法,得出该区春季沙尘暴的昼夜时间变化特征和预报着眼点。结果表明:（1）河西走廊中东部春季沙尘暴日数近60 a呈减少趋势,20世纪80年代显著减少;各站不同强度沙尘暴昼夜变化明显：白天多且风速较大,20世纪80年代后一般沙尘暴多于强沙尘暴,高发区均在民勤。（2）沙尘暴过境时各站盛行风向昼夜一致,集中在西北风到偏北风之间;强沙尘暴最强出现在00:00-01:00、18:00-19:00,一般沙尘暴最强出现在08:00-09:00。（3）进一步对2019年5月午后和夜间发生的2次沙尘暴过程进行对比分析：午后过程风力大、有灾情;夜间过程强度强、持续时间长。2次过程虽然中低层形势基本相同,沙尘暴出现在水平螺旋度负值中心下游及地气温差大值时,但高空500 hPa形势不同：午后过程为横槽转竖,气温日较差、风速日变化大,层结不稳定,有高空风动量下传,且近地面层最大风速出现高度低;夜间过程主要是不稳定低槽发展和蒙古气旋底部冷锋影响,配合强的垂直上升运动,但垂直风切变小。（4）河西走廊中东部春季沙尘暴不仅与大型的环流形势有关,还与垂直速度、水平螺旋度、全风速等物理量,以及地面温湿风日变化、不稳定参数和边界层要素有关。

关键词: 春季沙尘暴, 变化特征, 预报着眼点, 河西走廊中东部

Abstract:

The middle east of the Hexi Corridor is a serious disaster area with a high incidence of spring sandstorms in China. Over the past 40 years, economic losses have exceeded RMB 15×10⁸ Yuan, and nearly 100 people have died. To analyze the laws of time variation and improve forecasting and early warning and combine them with meteorological, dynamics, and statistical methods, this paper used the ground observation meteorological sandstorm data during 1961-2019 and meteorological data of two sandstorms in May 2019. Data were obtained to characterize daily changes and forecast the focus of spring sandstorms in the region. The results show that (1) the number of spring sandstorms in the middle east of Hexi has declined over the past 60 years, particularly in the 1980s. Furthermore, the intensity of sandstorms changed significantly between day and night. Wind speeds during the day were increasing, and since the 1980s there were more common sandstorms than strong sandstorms, and all high-incidence areas were in Minqin. (2) When the sandstorms crossed the border, the main wind directions of the three stations were the same, and they were concentrated between the northwest wind and the north wind. The strongest intense sandstorms appeared at 00:00-01:00 and 18:00-19:00, and the strongest general sandstorms occurred at 08:00-09:00. (3) The two sandstorms that occurred in the afternoon and night of May 2019 were comparatively analyzed. The afternoon process had strong winds and caused disasters, and the night process was stronger and longer. The moderate and low synoptic weather conditions of the two sandstorms were basically the same. Both appeared downstream of the negative center of horizontal helicity, with significant ground-air temperature differences. However, the synoptic circulations of 500 hPa were different. In the afternoon process, there was a transverse trough that turned into a vertical trough. Finally, daily variations in temperature and wind speed were more significant with unstable stratification. Downward upper air momentum and low maximum wind speeds occurred at heights near the surface. The night-time process was influenced mainly by unstable trough development and the cold front at the bottom of the Mongolia cyclone, with strong vertical ascending movements but less vertical wind shear. (4) Spring sandstorms in the middle east of Hexi Corridor were related not only to large-scale circulation conditions but also to physical parameters such as vertical velocity, horizontal helicity, highest wind speed, daily variation of surface temperature, humidity and wind, unstable parameters, and boundary layer elements.

Key words: spring sandstorms, variation characteristics, forecast point, middle east of Hexi Corridor

杨梅,李岩瑛,张春燕,杨吉萍,罗晓玲,聂鑫. 河西走廊中东部春季沙尘暴变化特征及其典型个例分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(5): 1339-1349.

YANG Mei,LI Yanying,ZHANG Chunyan,YANG Jiping,LUO Xiaoling,NIE Xin. Variation characteristics of spring sandstorm and its typical case analysis in the middle east of Hexi Corridor[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(5): 1339-1349.

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日期	站点	天气现象	极大风力/m·s^-1	最大风力/m·s^-1	最小能见度/m	出现—结束时间
5月11日（午后）	张掖	沙尘暴	8级	7级	721	16:42—16:51
5月11日（午后）	凉州	沙尘暴	8级	6级	600	19:46—19:57
5月14—15日（夜间）	张掖	强沙尘暴	7级	5级	343	22:16—00:05
	民勤	沙尘暴	8级	5级	671	01:05—01:46
	凉州	强沙尘暴	7级	5级	446	02:16—03:32

种类	气象要素	11日20:00	14日20:00
不同点	高空形势	横槽转竖	长波槽分裂南下
	地面系统	热低压后部冷锋型	蒙古气旋底部冷锋型
	冷锋过境时间	11日19:00	15日01:00
	河西走廊3 h最大变压差/hPa	-10.5	-7.7
	河西走廊3 h最大变压差（出现时间）	11日17:00	14日20:00
	500 hPa冷中心强度/℃	-35	-37
	700 hPa冷中心强度/℃	-24	-20
	500 hPa槽前后24 h最大变温/℃	-22	-11
	500 hPa槽前后24 h最大变高差/gpm	32	11
	700 hPa槽前后24 h最大变温/℃	-23	-11
	逆温层数/层	1	2
	逆温层所在高度/hPa	176	200、150
	2 km以下最大风速/m·s^-1	14	5
	垂直风切变	4.5	2.2
	下沉对流有效位能	34.8	1022.1
相同点	地面影响系统	冷锋	冷锋
	当天最大地气温差/℃	26.7	26.5
	最大上升速度	5.3	5.4