新疆准噶尔盆地未开垦盐碱土盐分与盐生植被多样性分析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.012

干旱区地理 ›› 2022, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (1): 185-196.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.012

新疆准噶尔盆地未开垦盐碱土盐分与盐生植被多样性分析

梁萌^1,^2,³(),米晓军^1,^2,³,李晨华^1,²,赵金^1,²,王玉刚^1,²,马健^1,²,胡江玲^4,⁵()

1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室,新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
2.中国科学院阜康荒漠生态系统国家野外科学观测站,新疆阜康 831505
3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
4.新疆师范大学地理科学与旅游学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830054
5.新疆师范大学人文社会科学重点研究基地丝绸之路经济带城市发展研究中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830054

收稿日期:2021-01-07 修回日期:2021-04-02 出版日期:2022-01-25 发布日期:2022-01-21
通讯作者: 胡江玲
作者简介:梁萌（1993-）,女,硕士研究生,主要从事荒漠生态系统保护和修复研究. E-mail: liangmeng18@mails.ucas.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点项目(41730638-1);新疆师范大学人文社会科学重点研究基地丝绸之路经济带城市发展研究中心招标课题(XJNURWJD062018A03);国家科技基础性工作专项(2015FY110500);新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(2019D01A97)

Salinity characteristics and halophytic vegetation diversity of uncultivated saline-alkali soil in Junggar Basin, Xinjiang

LIANG Meng^1,^2,³(),MI Xiaojun^1,^2,³,LI Chenhua^1,²,ZHAO Jin^1,²,WANG Yugang^1,²,MA Jian^1,²,Hu Jiangling^4,⁵()

1. State Key laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
2. Fukang National Station of Desert Ecosystem Observation and Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang 831505, Xinjiang, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
4. School of Geographic Science and Tourism,Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China
5. Research Center of Silk Road Economic Belt Urban Development, Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China

Received:2021-01-07 Revised:2021-04-02 Online:2022-01-25 Published:2022-01-21
Contact: Jiangling Hu

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以新疆准噶尔盆地未开垦盐碱土为研究对象,测量土壤含盐量、pH、电导率、八大离子等指标,采用多元统计、主成分分析法（PCA）对采样区盐碱土分布特征与盐生植被多样性进行研究。结果表明：（1）研究区以硫酸盐-氯化物盐土、硫酸盐盐土为主。中、重度硫酸盐-氯化物盐土、硫酸盐盐土以链状或条带状集中分布在昌吉回族自治州、博尔塔拉蒙古自治州。阿勒泰地区的苏打盐土、苏打碱土呈点状分布。（2）昌吉回族自治州以真盐植被为优势种,如梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和叉毛蓬（Petrosimonia sibirica）;博尔塔拉蒙古自治州以泌盐植被为优势种,如琵琶柴（Reaumuria songarica）、骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsifolia）。（3）二次多项式较好地表达了土壤盐分与植被多样性关系,土壤含盐量在5~10 mg·g^-1之间时,Shannon-Wiener指数、Hurlbert指数、Pielou均匀度指数达到最大值;pH在8.4~9.2范围内,盐生植被物种更为丰富,分布较均匀。（4）盐生植被优势种与土壤性状的PCA分析表明,土壤盐分是影响琵琶柴、梭梭、猪毛菜（Salsola collina）、柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）分布的关键因子,而刺毛碱蓬（Suaeda acuminata）、唐古特白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）主要受土壤pH、CO₃^2-的影响。本研究为未开垦土地资源的合理利用、生态修复提供理论依据。

关键词: 未开垦盐碱土, 盐分, 盐生植被多样性, 准噶尔盆地

Abstract:

Researchers are increasingly paying attention to soil salinization, which is one of the most serious ecological problems in arid areas. Soil salinization worldwide is expected to increase by more than 50% by 2050. The area of soil salinization in Xinjiang of China is 1336.4×10⁴ hm². The uncultivated saline-alkali soil area in the Junggar Basin accounts for 27% of the saline soil area in Xinjiang. This paper selected the Junggar Basin as the study area. Soil salinity, pH, EC value, eight ions, and other indexes were measured. Multivariate statistics and principal component analysis were adopted to study the distribution characteristics of saline-alkali soil and the diversity of halophytic vegetation in this area. The characteristics of salt and base ions in different soil layers were analyzed by multivariate statistics. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between soil salinity and base ions. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to study the main soil factors affecting the distribution of dominant species in halophytic vegetation. The results showed that: (1) the study area was primarily composed of sulfate-chloride and sulfate soils. In Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture and Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, moderate and severe sulfate-chloride and sulfate soils were distributed in the form of a chain or strip. Soda saline soil and soda alkaline soils were primarily distributed in point form in the Altay Prefecture. (2) Dilute salt vegetation, such as Haloxylon ammodendron and Petrosimonia sibirica, is dominant in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture. Salt-bearing vegetation, such as Reaumuria songarica and Alhagi sparsifolia, is dominant in Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. (3) The quadratic polynomial expresses the relationship between soil salinity and vegetation diversity. The Shannon-Wiener index, Hurlbert index, and Pielou evenness index reached their maximum value when the soil salinity was 5-10 mg·g^-1. Halophytic vegetation species were abundant and evenly distributed within the pH range of 8.4 to 9.2. (4) PCA analysis of dominant halophyte species and soil properties showed that soil salinity is the key factor affecting the distribution of Reaumuria songarica, Haloxylon ammodendron, Salsola collina, and Tamarix chinensis, whereas. Suaeda acuminata and Nitraria tangutorum were primarily affected by soil pH and CO₃^2-. This study will provide theoretical support for the rational utilization of uncultivated land resources and ecological restoration.

Key words: uncultivated saline-alkali soil, salinity, halophytic vegetation diversity, Junggar Basin

梁萌,米晓军,李晨华,赵金,王玉刚,马健,胡江玲. 新疆准噶尔盆地未开垦盐碱土盐分与盐生植被多样性分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(1): 185-196.

LIANG Meng,MI Xiaojun,LI Chenhua,ZHAO Jin,WANG Yugang,MA Jian,Hu Jiangling. Salinity characteristics and halophytic vegetation diversity of uncultivated saline-alkali soil in Junggar Basin, Xinjiang[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(1): 185-196.

图/表 14

图1

表1

准噶尔盆地土壤盐分、pH与盐基离子统计分析"

指标	最大值	最小值	均值	标准差	变异系数	偏度	峰度
盐分/mg·g^-1	64.36	0.12	7.53	8.43	1.12	-5.81	35.63
pH	9.65	7.95	8.63	1.36	0.16	4.15	24.69
K⁺/mg·g^-1	0.63	0.01	0.11	0.10	0.89	2.95	10.98
Na⁺/mg·g^-1	52.32	0.01	3.56	6.05	1.70	6.30	48.56
Ca²⁺/mg·g^-1	2.45	0.01	0.70	0.62	0.89	0.58	-0.54
Mg²⁺/mg·g^-1	0.43	0.01	0.06	0.07	1.29	2.90	10.17
Cl^-/mg·g^-1	21.19	微量	1.88	3.02	1.60	3.75	19.31
$C O 3 2 -$ /mg·g^-1	0.52	0.00	0.07	0.11	1.71	2.00	3.85
$HC O 3 -$ /mg·g^-1	0.70	0.14	0.38	0.13	0.35	0.38	-0.55
$S O 4 2 -$ /mg·g^-1	26.08	0.01	6.20	5.47	0.88	0.99	1.06

表1

表2

不同土层土壤盐分、pH、盐基离子含量"

深度/cm	盐分/mg·g^-1	pH	K⁺/mg·g^-1	Na⁺/mg·g^-1	Ca²⁺/mg·g^-1
0~20	7.204±5.107a	8.731±0.148a	0.130±0.124a	3.135±5.752ab	0.708±0.753a
20~40	7.034±10.188a	8.743±0.043a	0.104±0.126a	3.708±6.421a	0.670±0.709ab
深度/cm	Mg²⁺/mg·g^-1	Cl^-/mg·g^-1	$C O 3 2 -$ /mg·g^-1	$HC O 3 -$ /mg·g^-1	$S O 4 2 -$ /mg·g^-1
0~20	0.063±0.106a	1.573±0.389b	0.077±0.015a	0.407±0.019a	5.836±0.635ab
20~40	0.047±0.066a	2.066±0.260a	0.063±0.013b	0.352±0.015b	6.166±0.612a

表2

表3

0~20 cm土层土壤盐分、pH、盐基离子含量的Pearson相关关系"

	pH	EC	盐分	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl^-	$C O 3 2 -$	$HC O 3 -$	$S O 4 2 -$
pH	1.000
EC	-0.410^**	1.000
盐分	-0.433^**	0.896^**	1.000
K⁺	0.079	0.247^*	0.223^*	1.000
Na⁺	-0.102	0.494^**	0.602^**	0.531^**	1.000
Ca²⁺	-0.393^**	0.575^**	0.621^**	0.351^**	0.354^**	1.000
Mg²⁺	0.012	0.136	0.194	0.364^**	0.281^**	0.170	1.000
Cl^-	-0.354^**	0.770^**	0.902^**	0.192	0.601^**	0.493^**	0.278^**	1.000
$C O 3 2 -$	0.470^**	-0.210^*	-0.266^*	0.057	-0.182	-0.462^**	0.260^*	-0.142	1.000
$HC O 3 -$	0.432^**	0.005	-0.037	0.175	0.050	-0.395^**	0.036	-0.082	0.431^**	1.000
$S O 4 2 -$	-0.326^**	0.723^**	0.685^**	0.367^**	0.431^**	0.706^**	0.072	0.374^**	-0.413^**	-0.067	1.000

表3

表4

20~40 cm土层土壤盐分、pH、盐基离子含量的Pearson相关关系"

	pH	EC	盐分	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl^-	$C O 3 2 -$	$HC O 3 -$	$S O 4 2 -$
pH	1.000
EC	-0.201	1.000
盐分	-0.250^*	0.732^**	1.000
K⁺	-0.081	0.237^*	0.316^**	1.000
Na⁺	0.015	0.431^**	0.473^**	0.570^**	1.000
Ca²⁺	-0.441^**	0.233^*	0.474^**	0.382^**	0.123	1.000
Mg²⁺	-0.045	0.254^*	0.301^**	0.289^**	0.487^**	0.222^*	1.000
Cl^-	-0.126	0.597^**	0.728^**	0.327^**	0.564^**	0.195	0.362^**	1.000
$C O 3 2 -$	0.428^**	-0.110	-0.234^*	-0.171	-0.118	-0.441^**	-0.155	-0.135	1.000
$HC O 3 -$	0.175	0.101	-0.113	-0.111	0.001	-0.477^**	-0.066	-0.135	0.097	1.000
$S O 4 2 -$	-0.187	0.601^**	0.752^**	0.400^**	0.292^**	0.648^**	0.223^*	0.260^*	-0.311^**	-0.156	1.000

表4

图2

图3

表5

表6

图4

图5

图6

表7

主成分分析（PCA）前两轴土壤因子的特征向量"

环境变量	pH	EC	TSS	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺
PC1	-0.2926	1.4479	1.4097	0.8615	1.5178	0.7182	0.3305
PC2	1.3612	0.0453	-0.3821	0.1920	0.3725	-1.3358	0.1756
环境变量	Cl^-	$C O 3 2 -$	$HC O 3 -$	$S O 4 2 -$	SAR	ESP
PC1	0.9463	-0.5045	0.1359	1.2755	0.7510	0.7477
PC2	0.1184	1.1653	1.2259	-0.3754	1.2115	1.2304

表7

图7

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区域	优势物种	伴生物种
昌吉回族自治州	琵琶柴（Reaumuria songarica）	尖叶盐爪爪（Kalidium cuspidatum）
	梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）	心叶驼绒藜（Ceratoides ewersmanniana）
	盐生假木贼（Anabasis salsa）	里海盐爪爪（Kalidium caspicum）
	盐节木（Halocnemum strobilaceum）	角果黎（Ceratocarpus arenarius）
	新疆绢蒿（Seriphidium kaschgaricum）	齿稃草（Schismus arabicus）
	刺毛碱蓬（Suaeda acuminata）	樟味黎（Camphorosma monspeliaca）
	叉毛蓬（Petrosimonia sibirica）	鞑靼滨黎（Atriplex tatarica）
	骆驼蓬（Peganum harmala）	芨芨草（Achnatherum splendens）
	猪毛菜（Salsola collina）	芦苇（Phragmites australis）
阿勒泰地区	灌木亚菊（Ajania fruticulosa）	新疆绢蒿（Seriphidium kaschgaricum）
	琵琶柴（Reaumuria songarica）	柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）
	驼蹄瓣（Zygophyllum fabago）	盐生假木贼（Anabasis salsa）
	盐生草（Halogeton glomeratus）	骆驼蓬（Peganum harmala）
	角果黎（Ceratocarpus arenarius）
塔城市	唐古特白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）	樟味黎（Camphorosma monspeliaca）
	芨芨草（Achnatherum splendens）	叉毛蓬（Petrosimonia sibirica）
	刺毛碱蓬（Suaeda acuminata）	猪毛菜（Salsola collina）
博尔塔拉蒙古自治州	梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）	铃铛刺（Halimodendron halodendron var. halodendron）
博尔塔拉蒙古自治州	琵琶柴（Reaumuria songarica）	甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis）
	猪毛菜（Salsola collina）	罗布麻（Apocynum venetum）
	骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsifolia）	唐古特白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）

区域	黎科	蓼科	禾本科	菊科	柽柳科
阿勒泰地区	135	0	0	9300	0
博尔塔拉蒙古自治州	1383	93	47	0	0
塔城市	3980	0	227	2696	144
昌吉回族自治州	26038	378	181	3701	309

新疆准噶尔盆地未开垦盐碱土盐分与盐生植被多样性分析

Salinity characteristics and halophytic vegetation diversity of uncultivated saline-alkali soil in Junggar Basin, Xinjiang

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