Grain-size characteristics of lacustrine sediments in Balkhash Lake, Kazakhstan and its response to regional environmental changes
Received date: 2020-06-13
Revised date: 2021-01-27
Online published: 2021-09-22
Lake sediment grain-size data give a wealth of information regarding watershed environmental change and can provide a reliable method to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes in areas without instrumental data. Through the analysis of environmental proxies, such as grain size and the magnetic susceptibility of the core sediments of Lake Balkhash, combined with radioactive137Cs dating and instrumental data including the regional climate and lake water level, characteristics regarding the grain size of the sediments of Lake Balkhash in Kazakhstan and their environmental meanings were established. The results show that the average contents of the clay components (<4 μm), fine silt (4-16 μm), medium silt (16-32 μm), coarse silt (32-64 μm), and sand (>64 μm) in the lake sediment were 20.32%, 40.13%, 22.86%, 10.55%, and 6.13%, respectively. The proportions of the environmentally sensitive components F1 (6.61-10.00 μm) and F2 (45.71-69.18 μm) in the sediment were extracted via the method of standard deviation versus grain size. The present study shows that, due to the increasing influence of human activities, changes in the content of the sensitive components of grain size cannot accurately reflect changes in lake water level, lake runoff, and even regional climate. Changes in sediment composition are instead related to changes in the intensity of human activities as reflected by the magnetic susceptibility of sediments, which shows significant correlation with human activity (r=0.870, P<0.01). It is observed that the increase in the magnetic susceptibility of the lake sediments is due to the increase in human activities in the watershed, which causes the transport of fine-grained detrital materials rich in magnetic materials into the lake. These research findings can provide an important reference for studies regarding paleoenvironment reconstruction on a long-term scale and have a clear scientific significance for understanding of the impact of human activities in the basin on lake environments.
Key words： Kazakhstan; Balkhash Lake; lacustrine sediments; grain size; environmental change
HE Zhenjie,MA Long,Jilili ABUDUWAILI,LIU Wen,Gulnura ISSANOVA,Galymzhan SAPAROV,HUANG Kun . Grain-size characteristics of lacustrine sediments in Balkhash Lake, Kazakhstan and its response to regional environmental changes[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021 , 44(5) : 1317 -1327 . DOI: 10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.05.13
| [1] | Lioubimtseva E, Henebry G M. Climate and environmental change in arid Central Asia: Impacts, vulnerability, and adaptations[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2009, 73(11):963-977. |
| [2] | 白洁, 陈曦, 李均力, 等. 1975-2007年中亚干旱区内陆湖泊面积变化遥感分析[J]. 湖泊科学, 2011, 23(1):80-88. |
| [2] | [ Bai Jie, Chen Xi, Li Junli, et al. Changes of inland lake area in arid Central Asia during 1975-2007: A remote-sensing analysis[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2011, 23(1):80-88. ] |
| [3] | Mischke S, Liu C, Zhang J, et al. The world’s earliest Aral-Sea type disaster: The decline of the Loulan Kingdom in the Tarim Basin[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017(7):43102, doi: 10.1038/srep43102. |
| [4] | Donchyts G, Baart F, Winsemius H, et al. Earth’s surface water change over the past 30 years[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2016(6):810-813. |
| [5] | Kezer K, Matsuyama H. Decrease of river runoff in the Lake Balkhash Basin in Central Asia[J]. Hydrol Processes, 2006, 20(6):1407-1423. |
| [6] | Propastin P A. Simple model for monitoring Balkhash Lake water levels and Ili River discharges: Application of remote sensing[J]. Lakes & Reservoirs: Science, Policy and Management for Sustainable Use, 2008, 13(1):77-81. |
| [7] | Pereira J J. Climate change and disaster risk management[M]. Berlin: Springer, 2013: 41-54. |
| [8] | 黄坤, 马龙, 吉力力·阿不都外力. 基于小波分析的巴尔喀什湖水位变化特征及其影响因素[J]. 干旱区研究, 2020, 37(3):570-579. |
| [8] | [ Huang Kun, Ma Long, Jilili Abuduwaili. A study of the water level variation of Lake Balkhash: Its influencing factors based on wavelet analysis[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2020, 37(3):570-579. ] |
| [9] | 王苏民, 张振克. 中国湖泊沉积与环境演变研究的新进展[J]. 科学通报, 1999, 44(6):579-587. |
| [9] | [ Wang Sumin, Zhang Zhenke. New progress in the study of lake sediment and environmental evolution in China[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1999, 44(6):579-587. ] |
| [10] | 沈吉. 湖泊沉积研究的历史进展与展望[J]. 湖泊科学, 2009, 21(3):307-313. |
| [10] | [ Shen Ji. Progress and prospect of palaeolimnology research in China[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2009, 21(3):307-313. ] |
| [11] | Endo K, Chiba T, Sugal T, et al. Reconstruction of lake level and paleoenvironmental changes from a core from Balkhash Lake, Kazakhstan[C]// Watanabe M, Kubota J. Reconceptualizing Cultural and Environmental Change in Central Asia: An Historical Perspective on the Future. Kyoto, Japan: Ili Project Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 2010: 93-104. |
| [12] | Aubekerov B Z, Nigmatova S A, Sala R, et al. Complex analysis of the development of Lake Balkhash during the last 2000 years[C]// Watanabe M, Kubota J. Reconceptualizing Cultural and Environmental Change in Central Asia: An Historical Perspective on the Future. Kyoto, Japan: Ili Project Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 2010: 77-92. |
| [13] | Feng Z D, Wu H N, Zhang C J, et al. Bioclimatic change of the past 2500 years within the Balkhash Basin, eastern Kazakhstan, Central Asia[J]. Quaternary International, 2013, 311:63-70. |
| [14] | Chen F H, Chen J H, Holmes J, et al. Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid Central Asia: A review, synjournal and comparison with monsoon region[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2010, 29(7-8):1055-1068. |
| [15] | Huang K, Ma L, Abuduwaili J, et al. Human-induced enrichment of potentially toxic elements in a sediment core of Lake Balkhash, the largest lake in Central Asia[J]. Sustainability, 2020, 12(11):4717. |
| [16] | 邓铭江, 王志杰, 王姣妍. 巴尔喀什湖生态水位演变分析及调控对策[J]. 水利学报, 2011, 42(4):403-413. |
| [16] | [ Deng Mingjiang, Wang Zhijie, Wang Jiaoyan. Analysis of Balkhash Lake ecological water level evolvement and its regulation strategy[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2011, 42(4):403-413. ] |
| [17] | 谢蕾, 龙爱华, 邓铭江, 等. 伊犁河下游三角洲生态耗水研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2011, 33(6):1130-1340. |
| [17] | [ Xie Lei, Long Aihua, Deng Mingjiang, et al. Study on ecological water consumption in delta of the reaches of Ili River[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2011, 33(6):1130-1340. ] |
| [18] | 吴淼, 张小云, 王丽贤, 等. 哈萨克斯坦巴尔喀什湖-阿拉湖流域水资源及其开发利用[J]. 河海大学学报, 2013, 41(1):11-20. |
| [18] | [ Wu Miao, Zhang Xiaoyun, Wang Lixian, et al. Water sources and their exploitation and utilization in Balkhash-Alakol Lake Basin in Kazakhstan[J]. Journal of Hohai University, 2013, 41(1):11-20. ] |
| [19] | Dietze E, Hartmann K, Diekmann B, et al. An end-member algorithm for deciphering modern detrital processes from lake sediments of Lake Donggi Cona, NE Tibetan Plateau, China[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2012, 243:169-180. |
| [20] | Chiverrell R, Sear D, Warburton J, et al. Using lake sediment archives to improve understanding of flood magnitude and frequency: Recent extreme flooding in northwest UK[J]. Earth Surface Processes Landforms, 2019, 44(12):2366-2376. |
| [21] | Liang X, Niu Q, Qu J, et al. Applying end-member modeling to extricate the sedimentary environment of yardang strata in the Dunhuang Yardang National Geopark, northwestern China[J]. Catena, 2019, 180:238-251. |
| [22] | Zhou J, Wu J, Ma L, et al. Late Quaternary lake-level and climate changes in arid Central Asia inferred from sediments of Ebinur Lake, Xinjiang, northwestern China[J]. Quaternary Research, 2019, 92(2):416-429. |
| [23] | 孙千里, 周杰, 肖举乐. 岱海沉积物粒度特征及其古环境意义[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2001, 21(1):93-95. |
| [23] | [ Sun Qianli, Zhou Jie, Xiao Jule. Grain-size characteristics of Lake Daihai sediments and its paleaoenvironment significance[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2001, 21(1):93-95. ] |
| [24] | 蒋庆丰, 刘兴起, 沈吉. 乌伦古湖沉积物粒度特征及其古气候环境意义[J]. 沉积学报, 2006, 24(6):877-882. |
| [24] | [ Jiang Qingfeng, Liu Xingqi, Shen Ji. Grain-size characteristics of Wulugu Lake sediments and its palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment implication[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2006, 24(6):877-882. ] |
| [25] | 郭晓阳, 王维, 王国良, 等. 季风边缘区湖泊表层沉积物粒度组分分布特征与影响因素[J]. 地理研究, 2016, 35(4):677-691. |
| [25] | [ Guo Xiaoyang, Wang Wei, Wang Guoliang, et al. Within-lake distributions of grain-size components and environmental implications based on the survey of lake surface sediment of Chinese monsoon marginal area[J]. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(4):677-691. ] |
| [26] | 陈敬安, 万国江, 张峰, 等. 不同时间尺度下的湖泊沉积物环境记录--以沉积物粒度为例[J]. 中国科学D辑: 地球科学, 2003, 33(6):563-568. |
| [26] | [ Chen Jingan, Wan Guojiang, Zhang Feng, et al. Environmental records of lacustrine sediments in different time scales: Sediment grain size as an example[J]. Science in China Series D : Earth Sciences, 2003, 33(6):563-568. ] |
| [27] | 陈敬安, 万国江, 唐德贵, 等. 洱海近代气候变化的沉积物粒度与同位素记录[J]. 自然科学进展, 2000, 10(3):253-259. |
| [27] | [ Chen Jingan, Wan Guojiang, Tang Degui, et al. Grain-size and isotope records of modern climatic change in Erhai Lake[J]. Progress in Nature Science, 2000, 10(3):253-259. ] |
| [28] | 马龙, 吴敬禄, 温军会, 等. 乌梁素海湖泊沉积物粒度特征及其环境指示意义[J]. 沉积学报, 2013, 31(4):646-652. |
| [28] | [ Ma Long, Wu Jinglu, Wen Junhui, et al. Grain size characteristics and its environmental significance of lacustrine sediment recorded in Wuliangsu Lake, Inner Mongolia[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2013, 31(4):646-652. ] |
| [29] | 周建超, 吴敬禄, 曾海鳌. 新疆喀纳斯湖沉积物粒度组分所揭示的环境特征[J]. 地球科学与环境学报, 2016, 38(6):859-868. |
| [29] | [ Zhou Jianchao, Wu Jinglu, Zeng Haiao. Environmental characteristics inferred from sediment sensitive grain-size component records in Kanas Lake of Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 2016, 38(6) : 859-868. ] |
| [30] | 周建超, 吴敬禄, 曾海鳌. 新疆乌伦古湖沉积物粒度特征揭示的环境信息[J]. 沉积学报, 2017, 35(6):1158-1165. |
| [30] | [ Zhou Jianchao, Wu Jinglu, Zeng Haiao. Environmental information inferred from environmentally sensitive grain-size component records in Wulungu Lake, Xinjiang[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2017, 35(6):1158-1165. ] |
| [31] | 沈吉, 汪勇, 羊向东, 等. 湖泊沉积记录的区域风沙特征及湖泊演化历史: 以陕西红碱淖湖泊为例[J]. 科学通报, 2006, 51(1):87-92. |
| [31] | [ Shen Ji, Wang Yong, Yang Xiangdong, et al. Paleosandstorm characteristics and lake evolution history deduced from investigation on lacustrine sediments: The case of Hongjiannao Lake, Shaanxi Province[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2006, 51(1):87-92. ] |
| [32] | 薛积彬, 钟巍. 干旱区湖泊沉积物粒度组分记录的区域沙尘活动历史--以新疆巴里坤湖为例[J]. 沉积学报, 2008, 26(4):647-654. |
| [32] | [ Xue Jibin, Zhong Wei. Variations in dust event reflected by grain-size component of lacustrine records in droughty area: A case study on Barkol Lake, Xinjiang, China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2008, 26(4):647-654. ] |
| [33] | 马龙, 吴敬禄, 吉力力·阿不都外力. 新疆柴窝堡湖沉积物中环境敏感粒度组分揭示的环境信息[J]. 沉积学报, 2012, 30(5):945-954. |
| [33] | [ Ma Long, Wu Jinglu, Abuduwaili Jilili. Environmental changes inferred from environmentally sensitive grain-size component records in Chaiwopu Lake, Xinjiang[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2012, 30(5):945-954. ] |
| [34] | Xiao J, Inouchi Y, Kumal H, et al. Eolian quartz flux to Lake Biwa, central Japan, over the past 145000 years[J]. Quaternary Research, 1997, 48(1):48-57. |
| [35] | 叶芳, 刘志飞, 拓守廷, 等. 南海北部中更新世0.78~1.0 Ma期间的陆源碎屑粒度记录[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2007, 27(2):77-83. |
| [35] | [ Ye Fang, Liu Zhifei, Tuo Shouting, et al. Grain size record of terrigenous clast during mid-Pleistocene transition(0.78~1.0 Ma)in the northern South China Sea[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2007, 27(2):77-83. ] |
| [36] | 郭利丹, 夏自强, 李捷, 等. 巴尔喀什湖流域气候变化特征分析[J]. 河海大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 36(3):316-321. |
| [36] | [ Guo Lidan, Xia Ziqiang, Li Jie, et al. Characteristics of climatic change in the Balkhash Lake Basin[J]. Journal of Hohai University (Natural Sciences), 2008, 36(3):316-321. ] |
| [37] | 杨川德, 邵新嫒. 亚洲中部湖泊近期变化[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 1993: 15-25. |
| [37] | [ Yang Chuande, Shao Xinyuan. Recent changes of lakes in Central Asia[M]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 1993: 15-25. ] |
| [38] | Mischke S. Large Asian lakes in a changing world[M]. Switzerland: Springer, 2020: 145. |
| [39] | 杨川德. 巴尔喀什湖水位变化及其原因[J]. 干旱区地理, 1993, 16(1):36-42. |
| [39] | [ Yang Chuande. Water level of Balkhash Lake and its reason for change[J]. Arid Land Geography, 1993, 16(1):36-42. ] |
| [40] | 高彦华, 王洪亮, 周旭, 等. 巴尔喀什湖近30余年动态变化遥感监测与分析[J]. 环境与可持续发展, 2016, 41(1):102-106. |
| [40] | [ Gao Yanhua, Wang Hongliang, Zhou Xu, et al. Remote sensing monitoring and analyses of the dynamic change of Balkhash Lake in the last 30 years[J]. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2016, 41(1):102-106. ] |
| [41] | 吉力力·阿不都外力. 干旱区湖泊与盐尘暴[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2012: 18. |
| [41] | [ Abuduwaili Jilili. Lake of arid land and salt-dust storms[M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2012: 18. ] |
| [42] | 鹿化煜, 安芷生. 前处理方法对黄土沉积物粒度测量影响的实验研究[J]. 科学通报, 1997, 42(23):2535-2538. |
| [42] | [ Lu Huayu, An Zhisheng. Pretreated methods on loess-palaeosol samples granulometry[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1997, 42(23):2535-2538. ] |
| [43] | 杜丁丁, Mughal M S, Blaise D, 等. 青藏高原中部色林错湖泊沉积物色度反映末次冰盛期以来区域古气候演化[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019, 42(3):551-558. |
| [43] | [ Du Dingding, Mughal M S, Blaise D, et al. Paleoclimatic changes reflected by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy since last glacial maximum from Selin Co Lake sediments, central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019, 42(3):551-558. ] |
| [44] | 陈诗越, 王苏民, 陈影影, 等. 东平湖沉积物210Pb、137Cs垂直分布及年代学意义[J]. 第四纪研究, 2009, 29(5):981-987. |
| [44] | [ Chen Shiyue, Wang Sumin, Chen Yingying, et al. Vertical distribution and chronological implication of 210Pb and 137Cs in sediments of Dongping Lake, Shandong Province[J]. Quaternary Science, 2009, 29(5):981-987. ] |
| [45] | Xiang R, Yang Z, Saito Y, et al. East Asia winter monsoon changes inferred from environmentally sensitive grain-size component records during the last 2300 years in mud area southwest off Cheju Island, ECS[J]. Science in China Series D, 2006, 49(6):604-614. |
| [46] | Zhou X, Yang W, Xiang R, et al. Re-examining the potential of using sensitive grain size of coastal muddy sediments as proxy of winter monsoon strength[J]. Quaternary International, 2014, 333:173-178. |
| [47] | 孙有斌, 高抒, 李军. 边缘海陆源物质中环境敏感粒度组分的初步分析[J]. 科学通报, 2003, 48(1):83-86. |
| [47] | [ Sun Youbin, Gao Shu, Li Jun. Preliminary analysis of grain size populations with environmentally sensitive terrigenous components in marginal sea setting[J]. Science Bulletin, 2003, 48(1):83-86. ] |
| [48] | 向荣, 杨作升, Ssito Y, 等. 济州岛西南泥质区近2300 a来环境敏感粒度组分记录的东亚冬季风变化[J]. 中国科学, 2006, 36(7):654-662. |
| [48] | [ Xiang Rong, Yang Zuosheng, Saito Y, et al. East Asian winter monsoon recorded by environmental sensitive grain size composition in southwestern muddy area of Jeju Island in recent 2300 a[J]. Science China, 2003, 48(1):83-86. ] |
| [49] | Ma L, Wu J, Abuduwaili J. Climate and environmental changes over the past 150 years inferred from the sediments of Chaiwopu Lake, central Tianshan Mountains, northwest China[J]. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2013, 102(3):959-967. |
| [50] | Ma L, Abuduwaili J, Liu W, et al. Variations in sediment grain size from a lake in the Tianshan Mountain of Central Asia: Implications for paleoprecipitation reconstruction[J]. Applied Sciences, 2020, 10(19):1802, doi: 10.3390/app10196793. |
| [51] | Ma L, Abuduwaili J, Liu W. Environmentally sensitive grain-size component records and its response to climatic and anthropogenic influences in Bosten Lake region, China[J]. Scientific Reports, 2020, 10(1):942, doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-57921-y. |
| [52] | 何华春, 丁海燕, 张振克, 等. 淮河中下游洪泽湖湖泊沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境意义[J]. 地理科学, 2005, 25(5):590-596. |
| [52] | [ He Huachun, Ding Haiyan, Zhang Zhenke. Grain-size characteristics and their environmental significance of Hongze Lake sediments[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2005, 25(5):590-596. ] |
| [53] | 吴健, 沈吉. 兴凯湖沉积物粒度特征揭示的27.7 ka BP以来区域古气候演化[J]. 湖泊科学, 2010, 22(1):110-118. |
| [53] | [ Wu Jian, Shen Ji. Paleoclimate evolution since 27.7 ka BP refleccted by grain size variation of a sediment core from Lake Xingkai, northern Asia[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2010, 22(1):110-118. ] |
| [54] | 汪勇, 沈吉, 羊向东, 等. 陕北红碱淖沉积物粒度特征所揭示的环境变化[J]. 沉积学报, 2006, 24(3):349-355. |
| [54] | [ Wang Yong, Shen Ji, Yang Xiangdong, et al. Environmental changes deduced from grain-size characteristics of the sediments from Hongjiannao Lake, Shaanxi Province[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2006, 24(3):349-355. ] |
| [55] | 黄小忠, 陈发虎, 肖舜, 等. 新疆博斯腾湖沉积物粒度的古环境意义初探[J]. 湖泊科学, 2008, 20(3):291-297. |
| [55] | [ Huang Xiaozhong, Chen Fahu, Xiao Shun, et al. Primary study on the environmental significances of grain-size changes of the Lake Bosten sediments[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2008, 20(3):291-297. ] |
| [56] | 华攸胜, 马龙, 吉力力·阿不都外力, 等. 新疆博斯腾湖近现代湖泊沉积物粒度分布特征及其环境记录[J]. 干旱区研究, 2019, 36(5):1109-1116. |
| [56] | [ Hua Yousheng, Ma Long, Abuduwaili Jilili. Grain-size distribution characteristics and its environmental records of modern lacustrine sediments from Bosten Lake, Xinjiang[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2019, 36(5):1109-1116. ] |
| [57] | Harris I, Jones P D, Osborn T J, et al. Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations: The CRU TS3.10 dataset[J]. International Journal of Climatology, 2014, 34(3):623-642. |
| [58] | Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, Van Der Schrier G, Briffa K R, et al. Global maps of monthly self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index (scPDSI) based on the climatic research unit time series (CRU TS) 3.10.01 data (1901-2009)[M]. Didcot: NCAS British Atmospheric Data Centre, 2013. |
| [59] | Van Der Schrier G, Barichivich J, Briffa K R, et al. A scPDSI-based global data set of dry and wet spells for 1901-2009[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2013, 118(10):4025-4048. |
| [60] | 郭利丹, 夏自强, 王志坚. 咸海和巴尔喀什湖水文变化与环境效应对比[J]. 水科学进展, 2011, 22(6):764-770. |
| [60] | [ Guo Lidan, Xia Ziqiang, Wang Zhijian. Comparisons of hydrological variations and environmental effects between Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2011, 22(6):764-770. ] |
| [61] | 龙爱华, 邓铭江, 谢蕾, 等. 巴尔喀什湖水量平衡研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2011, 33(6):1341-1352. |
| [61] | [ Long Aihua, Deng Mingjiang, Xie Lei, et al. A study of the water balance of Lake Balkhash[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2011, 33(6):1341-1352. ] |
| [62] | 付颖昕, 杨恕. 苏联时期哈萨克斯坦伊犁-巴尔喀什湖流域开发述评[J]. 兰州大学学报, 2009, 37(4):16-24. |
| [62] | [ Fu Yingxin, Yang Shu. Commentary on the development of Kazakhstan Ili-Balkhash Basin during the Soviet Period[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University, 2009, 37(4):16-24. ] |
| [63] | 张振克, 吴瑞金, 朱育新, 等. 云南洱海流域人类活动的湖泊沉积记录分析[J]. 地理学报, 2000, 55(1):68-76. |
| [63] | [ Zhang Zhenke, Wu Ruijin, Zhu Yuxin, et al. Lacustrine records of human activities in the catchment of Erhai Lake, Yunnan Province[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2000, 55(1):68-76. ] |
| [64] | Matsumoto R. Lake sediment records on climate change and human activities since the Holocene in Erhai Catchment, Yunnan Province[J]. Science in China Series D, 2005, 48(3):353-363. |
| [65] | 朱磊, 罗格平, 陈曦, 等. 伊犁河中下游近40年土地利用与覆被变化[J]. 地理科学进展, 2010, 29(3):292-300. |
| [65] | [ Zhu Lei, Luo Geping, Chen Xi, et al. Detection of land use/land cover change in the middle and lower researches of the Ili River, 1970-2007[J]. Progress in Geography, 2010, 29(3):292-300. ] |
| [66] | 廉陆鹞, 刘滨辉. 近58 a我国西北地区干期与湿期变化特征[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019, 42(6):1301-1309. |
| [66] | [ Lian Luyao, Liu Binhui. Change characteristics of dry and wet spells in northwest China during the past 58 years[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019, 42(6):1301-1309. ] |
| [67] | 田亚林, 李雪梅, 李珍, 等. 1980-2017年天山山区不同降水形态的时空变化[J]. 干旱区地理, 2020, 43(2):308-318. |
| [67] | [ Tian Yalin, Li Xuemei, Li Zhen, et al. Spatial and temporal variations of different precipitation types in the Tianshan Mountains from 1980 to 2017[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2020, 43(2):308-318. ] |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
