Effects of wind farms on soil moisture in grassland
Received date: 2020-05-08
Revised date: 2020-12-03
Online published: 2021-08-02
In recent years, wind farms have gained increasing attention in China. The global shortage of nonrenewable energy has led to an unprecedented and rapid expansion in the amount of land coverage allocated to wind farms, and by the end of 2019, China’s cumulative installed wind power capacity had reached 15.85×106 kW. Although wind farms play an active role in improving the country’s energy structure, promoting environmental protection, and maintaining sustainable economic and social development, the environmental changes caused by wind farms have also caught the attention of researchers. Soil moisture, as one of the most important physical and chemical properties of soil, is one of the main parameters used in the fields of climate, hydrology, ecology, and agriculture. It plays an essential role in the exchange of water and energy between the surface and the atmosphere. Slight changes in soil moisture levels may reflect more significant changes in the climate or environment; thus, it is important to study any change of soil moisture levels after the construction of wind farms if the influence of a wind farm on its local climate and environment is to be evaluated. In this paper, the Huitengliang wind farm in Inner Mongolia, China is used as the study area. Forty-two Landsat remote sensing images (taken before and after the wind farm was built) and soil moisture data were used to construct a model that establishes the linear relationship between the modified perpendicular drought index of the remote sensing images and the measured levels of the soil moisture. The one-way ANOVA method was then used to judge the influence of the extents and variances of the wind farm on the soil moisture in grassland areas. Our results show that (1) the construction of a wind farm could lead to a change in the soil moisture, but there were significant differences in the range of these soil moisture changes in the upwind and downwind directions surrounding wind farms. (2) The most obvious influence on soil moisture was in the downwind direction from the wind farm. The number of pixels affected in the downwind direction accounted for 55% of the total number of pixels of the downwind direction. The least influence on soil moisture was seen in the upwind direction, and the number of pixels affected in this direction was 31% of the total pixels. (3) The wind farm had the most significant influence on soil moisture in April and August, which could reduce the soil moisture of the grassland area, thus aggravating the drought of the grass, in its reviving and maturing stages. The construction of wind farms is a human intervention on nature, and their construction should consider the protection of the ecological environment as the most basic criterion. Using remote sensing technology combined with the measured soil moisture data, through model simulation and a significance test, this paper discusses the influence of the extents and variances of the wind farm on the soil moisture in the grassland area to produce recommendations for the construction of wind farms to ensure that there are minimal effects on the soil moisture levels and the sustainable development of the grassland ecosystem.
Key words： windfarm; soil moisture; grasslands; Huitengliang area in Inner Mongolia
JIA Xin,LI Guoqing,WANG Gang,CAO Yu . Effects of wind farms on soil moisture in grassland[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021 , 44(4) : 1125 -1134 . DOI: 10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.04.24
| [1] | Feng Y, Lin H, Ho S L, et al. Overview of wind power generation in China: Status and development[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 50:847-858. |
| [2] | Leung D Y C, Yang Y. Wind energy development and its environmental impact: A review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(1) :1031-1039. |
| [3] | 张晶晶, 王克, 邹骥. 论CDM对中国风电发展的影响[J]. 可再生能源, 2011, 29(2):147-151. |
| [3] | [ Zhang Jingjing, Wang Ke, Zou Ji. Analysis on the influence of CDM on wind power in China[J]. Renewable Energy, 2011, 29(2):147-151. ] |
| [4] | Xu J, He D, Zhao X. Status and prospects of Chinese wind energy[J]. Energy, 2010, 35(11):4439-4444. |
| [5] | Xia G, Zhou L. Detecting wind farm impacts on local vegetation growth in Texas and Illinois using MODIS vegetation greenness measurements[J]. Remote Sensing, 2017, 9(7):698-714. |
| [6] | Dai K, Bergot A, Liang C, et al. Environmental issues associated with wind energy: A review[J]. Renewable Energy, 2015, 75:911-921. |
| [7] | Jerpasen G B, Larsen K C. Visual impact of wind farms on cultural heritage: A Norwegian case study[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2011, 31(3):206-215. |
| [8] | 赵宗慈, 罗勇, 江滢. 风电场对气候变化影响研究进展[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2011, 7(6):400-406. |
| [8] | [ Zhao Zongci, Luo Yong, Jiang Ying. Advances in assessment on impacts of wind farms upon climate change[J]. Advances in Climate Change Research, 2011, 7(6):400-406. ] |
| [9] | 姚春生, 张增祥, 汪潇. 使用温度植被干旱指数法(TVDI)反演新疆土壤湿度[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2004, 19(6):473-478. |
| [9] | [ Yao Chunsheng, Zhang Zengxiang, Wang Xiao. Evaluating soil moisture status in Xinjiang using the temperature vegetation dryness index(TVDI)[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2004, 19(6):473-478. ] |
| [10] | 李素英, 李晓兵, 符娜, 等. 内蒙古典型草原区土壤硬度与土壤水分的空间变化分析——以锡林浩特为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2007, 30(2):196-202. |
| [10] | [ Li Suying, Li Xiaobing, Fu Na, et al. Spatial change of soil hardness and soil moisture in typical steppe area of Inner Mongolia[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2007, 30(2):196-202. ] |
| [11] | 曹阳. 辉腾锡勒草原风电场遥感旱情动态监测研究[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学, 2017. |
| [11] | [ Cao Yang. Study on remote sensing drought monitoring in Huitengxile grassland wind farm[D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2017. ] |
| [12] | Tang B, Wu D, Zhao X, et al. The observed impacts of wind farms on local vegetation growth in northern China[J]. Remote Sensing, 2017, 9(4):332-344. |
| [13] | 解云虎. 风力发电场对植被及土壤性质的影响[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古师范大学, 2015. |
| [13] | [ Xie Yunhu. Effects of wind farms on vegetation and soil properties[D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Normal University, 2015. ] |
| [14] | 李威杰. 锡林郭勒盟灰腾梁地区百万风电场风电项目及送出方案浅谈[C]// 2009年风电场接入电网技术专题研讨会论文集. 中国电力企业联合会科技服务中心,全国风力发电技术协作网,中国电力科学研究院新能源研究所: 中国电力企业联合会科技开发服务中心, 2009: 177-182. |
| [14] | [ Li Weijie. A brief discussion on wind power project and delivery scheme of million scale wind power plants in Huitengliang Area Xilingol League[C]// Proceedings of the 2009 Symposium on Wind Farm Connecting to Grid Technology. Science and Technology Service Center of China Electricity Council, National Wind Power Technology Collaboration Network, New Energy Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute: Science and Technology Development Service Center of China Electricity Council, 2009: 177-182. ] |
| [15] | 代海燕, 李丹, 娜日苏, 等. 内蒙古干湿环境演变与地区生态建设优势气候背景分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019, 42(4):745-752. |
| [15] | [ Dai Haiyan, Li Dan, Na Risu, et al. Dry and wet environment evolution and climatic background analysis of regional ecological construction in Inner Mongolia[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019, 42(4):745-752. ] |
| [16] | 张爽爽. 风电场建设对生态环境影响的研究——以锡林郭勒盟灰腾梁风电场为例[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学, 2012. |
| [16] | [ Zhang Shuangshuang. Research on the impact of wind farm construction on ecological environment[D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University, 2012. ] |
| [17] | 高中灵, 王建华, 郑小坡, 等. ADI土壤水分反演方法[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2016, 36(5):1378-1381. |
| [17] | [ Gao Zhongling, Wang Jianhua, Zheng Xiaopo, et al. Soil moisture monitoring based on angle dryness index[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2016, 36(5):1378-1381. ] |
| [18] | 荣祁远, 何祺胜, 刘宝柱. 基于Landsat 8数据的干旱监测研究[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2015, 15(31):205-211. |
| [18] | [ Rong Qiyuan, He Qisheng, Liu Baozhu. Study of drought monitoring based on Landsat 8 data[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2015, 15(31):205-211. ] |
| [19] | 杨国范, 翟光耀, 张婷婷, 等. 基于环境小卫星的土壤线提取研究[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 2014, 29(3):428-432. |
| [19] | [ Yang Guofan, Zhai Guangyao, Zhang Tingting, et al. Study on the soil line deriving based on HJ Satellites[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2014, 29(3):428-432. ] |
| [20] | 聂艳, 马泽玥, 周逍峰, 等. 阿克苏河流域土壤湿度反演与监测研究[J]. 生态学报, 2019, 39(14):5138-5148. |
| [20] | [ Nie Yan, Ma Zeyue, Zhou Xiaofeng, et al. Soil moisture retrieval and monitoring in the Aksu River Basin[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(14):5138-5148. ] |
| [21] | Bustos O H, Frery A C. Statistical functions and procedures in IDL 5.6 and 6.0[J]. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 2006, 50(2):301-310. |
| [22] | 董彦卿. IDL程序设计: 数据可视化与ENVI二次开发[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2012: 317. |
| [22] | [ Dong Yanqing. IDL programming: Data visualization and ENVI secondary development[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2012: 317. ] |
| [23] | 李国庆, 刘志锋, 常学礼, 等. 风电场对草地蒸散发影响分析[J]. 生态科学, 2016, 35(6):146-151. |
| [23] | [ Li Guoqing, Liu Zhifeng, Chang Xueli, et al. Effects of wind farms on grassland regional surface evapotranspiration[J]. Ecological Science, 2016, 35(6):146-151. ] |
| [24] | Zhou L M, Tian Y H, Roy S B, et al. Impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2012, 2(7):539-543. |
| [25] | Walsh-Thomas J M, Cervone G, Agouris P, et al. Further evidence of impacts of large-scale wind farms on land surface temperature[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(8):6432-6437. |
| [26] | 王静, 牛生杰, 沈建国. 锡盟沙尘暴的时空分布及其与气候因子的关系[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2009, 18(1):209-216. |
| [26] | [ Wang Jing, Niu Shengjie, Shen Jianguo. Spatiotemporal distribution of sand-duststorm in Xilingol League and its correlation with climate factors[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2009, 18(1):209-216. ] |
| [27] | 胡菊. 大型风电场建设对区域气候影响的数值模拟研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2012. |
| [27] | [ Hu Ju. Numerical simulation study on the influence of large-scale wind farm construction on regional climate[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2012. ] |
| [28] | 郭剑, 陈实, 徐斌, 等. 基于SPOT-VGT数据的锡林郭勒盟草原返青期遥感监测[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(1):37-48. |
| [28] | [ Guo Jian, Chen Shi, Xu Bin, et al. Remote sensing monitoring of grassland vegetation greenup based on SPOT-VGT in Xilingol League[J]. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(1):37-48. ] |
| [29] | 薛超玉. 基于Landsat系列遥感影像的区域土壤水分信息研究[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2017. |
| [29] | [ Xue Chaoyu. Regional soil moisture information research based on Landsat series remote sensing images[D]. Yangling: Northwest Agriculture Forestry University, 2017. ] |
| [30] | 侯琼, 魏学占, 宋学峰. 不同水分因子对内蒙古典型草原牧草产量的影响[J]. 草业科学, 2009, 26(2):5-10. |
| [30] | [ Hou Qiong, Wei Xuezhan, Song Xuefeng. Influence of different moisture factors on forage yield of Inner Mongolian typical steppe[J]. Pratacultural Science, 2009, 26(2):5-10. ] |
| [31] | 苏佩凤, 郭克贞, 赵淑银. 典型草原天然牧草群落耗水规律研究[J]. 内蒙古水利, 2006(2):21-23. |
| [31] | [ Su Peifeng, Guo Kezhen, Zhao Shuyin. Study on water consumption law of typical grassland natural herbage community[J]. Inner Mongolia Water Conservancy, 2006(2):21-23. ] |
| [32] | 李锦荣. 基于RS和GIS的沙尘暴灾害风险评价研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2011. |
| [32] | [ Li Jinrong. Research on risk assessment of sandstorm disaster based on RS and GIS[D]. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2011. ] |
| [33] | Armstrong A, Burton R R, Lee S E, et al. Ground-level climate at a peatland wind farm in Scotland is affected by wind turbine operation[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2016, 11(4):044024. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/044024. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
