Holocene hydrology and environment changes in the Keriya River Delta in 13.8-2.3 ka in Taklimakan Desert: Inferred from the stratigraphy
Received date: 2020-05-22
Revised date: 2020-10-24
Online published: 2021-03-09
In the Tarim Basin, the Taklimakan Desert is the second largest shifting dune globally. Holocene relic sites in the desert hinterland suggested ancient rivers flowing, oasis occupation, and human activities. The Keriya River is one of the rivers that originated from the glacier mountains of south Tarim Basin. The Yuansha Site is the earliest city in the Taklimakan Desert, located in the delta area of the Keriya River and provided an ideal case for illustrating the relationship between the natural environment and human activities. To better understand this area’s past environment, we selected the KYN22 section (22 km from north of the Yuansha Site) and 134 grain size samples in the section from each depth for particle size distribution measurement and grain size parameter calculation. We collected four OSL chronology samples from the depth of 230 cm, 490 cm, 590 cm, and 1070 cm, respectively. The measurement results showed the following. (1) The main components of sediment samples are silt and very fine sand. (2) The grain size median diameter, sorting coefficient, skewness, and kurtosis changed at approximately 3.27-6.86 Φ, 0.54-2.50 Φ, -0.30-1.48 Φ, and 0.71-1.71 Φ, respectively. (3) The OSL age measurement results are 6.4±0.4 ka, 9.8±0.6 ka, 10.1±0.5 ka, and 13.8±0.6 ka from the upper part to the bottom of the section, respectively. (4) The very fine sand content variation is consistent with that of fine sand and opposite with silt sand with depth increase, whereas the silty sand variation content is consistent with mild clay samples. (5) The sediment grains in the 0 to 550 cm depth composed mainly of silt, followed by very fine sand. In contrast, the sediment grains in the 550 to 1070 cm depth composed of very fine sand as the main content, and silt is the minor content. A reported OSL age (2.3 ka) at the upper layer of the section suggests that the KYN22 section recorded past environmental and landform changes of the Yuansha Delta in 13.8-2.3 ka. The section is mainly for fluvial activities, indicating that the Keriya River dominated this area most of the Holocene. The sediment sequence indicates the domination of aeolian activity at approximately 13.8 ka in earlier Holocene and the fluvial and aeolian activity in 9.8-10.1 ka; thus, fluvial activity controls from the middle to the late Holocene. The OSL age (13.8 ka) of the aeolian sand section bottom was followed with the formation of a paleochannel section at approximately 50 km east of the Yuansha and the high terrace formed in the upper reaches of the Keriya River, suggesting flooding events frequently occurred in the Tarim Basin’s south margin. The fluvial sediment deposited in 9.8-10.1 ka was coeval with the increase of northern hemisphere solar radiation and temperature rising, suggesting increasing melt water in the Kunlun Mountains. This study provides a relatively complete Holocene sediment sequence recorded with reliable chronology data at the Keriya River’s lower reaches. For oasis’ prosperity and inhabitants’ activities depending on the river, this section recorded the natural environment and the rise and fall of ancient civilization in the Keriya River delta.
Key words: Taklimakan Desert; Keriya River; Yuansha City; particle size; OSL dating; Holocene
ZHANG Feng,XIA Qianqian,Dilibaier Tuersun,LIU Jianzong . Holocene hydrology and environment changes in the Keriya River Delta in 13.8-2.3 ka in Taklimakan Desert: Inferred from the stratigraphy[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021 , 44(1) : 178 -187 . DOI: 10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.01.19
[1] | 樊自立. 塔里木盆地绿洲形成与演变[J]. 地理学报, 1993,48(5):421-427. |
[1] | [ Fan Zili. A study on the formation and evolution of oases in Tarim Basin[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1993,48(5):421-427. ] |
[2] | 黄盛璋. 论绿洲研究与绿洲学[J]. 中国历史地理论丛, 1990(2):1-24. |
[2] | [ Huang Shengzhang. A discussion on oasis research and oasis studies[J]. Journal of Chinese Historical Geography, 1990(2):1-24. ] |
[3] | 钟巍, 熊黑钢. 塔里木盆地南缘4 ka BP以来气候环境演化与古城镇废弃事件关系研究[J]. 中国沙漠, 1999,19(4):343-347. |
[3] | [ Zhong Wei, Xiong Heigang. Paleo-climatic and environmental development since about 4 ka BP and the relation with abandonments of ancient cities in southern Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 1999,19(4):343-347. ] |
[4] | 张磊, 秦小光, 许冰, 等. 楼兰地区新发现斗检封及其指示意义[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018,41(3):545-552. |
[4] | [ Zhang Lei, Qin Xiaoguang, Xu Bing, et al. A new discovered hopper seal (Dou Jian Feng) in Loulan area and its significance[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2018,41(3):545-552. ] |
[5] | Hedin S A. Through Asia[M]. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1898:788-805. |
[6] | Stein M A. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan[M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907: 485-494. |
[7] | 黄文弼. 塔里木盆地考古记[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1958: 49-51. |
[7] | [ Huang Wenbi. Archaeological records in the Tarim Basin[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1958: 49-51. ] |
[8] | 李生宇, 谷峰, 王海峰, 等. 塔克拉玛干沙漠河湖相沉积平原风蚀地貌发育的外营力作用机制[J]. 干旱区地理, 2012,35(3):358-364. |
[8] | [ Li Shengyu, Gu Feng, Wang Haifeng, et al. Exogenic forces action mechanism in the development process of erosion landform on alluvial plains composed of fluvial-lacustrine deposits in the Taklimakan Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2012,35(3):358-364. ] |
[9] | 林永崇, 穆桂金, 秦小光, 等. 地表风化作用对楼兰地区雅丹地貌发育的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018,41(6):1278-1284. |
[9] | [ Lin Yongchong, Mu Guijin, Qin Xiaoguang, et al. Weathering impact on the development of Yardang landforms in Loulan region[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2018,41(6):1278-1284. ] |
[10] | 穆桂金, 贺俊霞, 雷加强, 等. 再议绿洲-沙漠过渡带——以策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2013,36(2):195-202. |
[10] | [ Mu Guijin, He Junxia, Lei Jiaqiang, et al. A discussion on the transitional zone from oasis to sandy desert: A case study at Cele Oasis[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2013,36(2):195-202. ] |
[11] | 杨发相, 李生宇, 岳健, 等. 新疆荒漠类型特征及其保护利用[J]. 干旱区地理, 2019,42(1):12-19. |
[11] | [ Yang Faxiang, Li Shengyu, Yue Jian, et al. Characteristics of desert types and their protection and utilization in Xinjiang[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2019,42(1):12-19. ] |
[12] | 朱震达, 陆锦华, 江伟铮, 等. 塔克拉玛干沙漠克里雅河下游地区风沙地貌的形成发育与环境变化趋势的初步研究[J]. 中国沙漠, 1988,8(2):1-10. |
[12] | [ Zhu Zhenda, Lu Jinhua, Jiang Weizheng, et al. Study on formation and development of aeolian landform and trend of environmental change at lower reach of the Keriya River, Taklimakan Desert[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 1988,8(2):1-10. ] |
[13] | 周兴佳, 朱峰, 李世全, 等. 克里雅河绿洲的形成与演变[J]. 第四纪研究, 1994(3):249-255. |
[13] | [ Zhou Xingjia, Zhu Feng, Li Shiquan, et al. The formation and evolution of oasis in the Keriya River Valley[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 1994(3):249-255. ] |
[14] | Yang X P. The oases along the Keriya River in the Taklamakan Desert, China, and their evolution since the end of the Last Glaciation[J]. Environmental Geology, 2001,41(3-4):314-320. |
[15] | 张峰, 王涛, 海米提·依米提, 等. 2.7~1.6 ka BP塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地克里雅河尾闾绿洲的变迁[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2011,41(10):1495-1504. |
[15] | [ Zhang Feng, Wang Tao, Hamid Yimit, et al. Hydrological changes and settlement migrations in the Keriya River delta in central Tarim Basin ca. 2.7-1.6 ka BP: Inferred from 14C and OSL chronology [J]. Science China: Earth Sciences, 2011,41(10):1495-1504. ] |
[16] | 伊弟利斯·阿不都热苏勒, 高亨娜·迪班娜·法兰克福, 刘国瑞, 等. 新疆克里雅河流域考古调查概述[J]. 考古, 1998(12):28-37. |
[16] | [ Idris Abdurusul, Falankefu G D, Liu Guorui, et al. Summaries of the archaeological investigation along the Keriya River in Xinjiang[J]. Archaeology, 1998(12):28-37. ] |
[17] | 夏倩倩, 张峰. 塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地克里雅河尾闾圆沙三角洲AMS 14C年代学测定及相关历史地理问题刍议 [J]. 第四纪研究, 2016,36(5):1280-1292. |
[17] | [ Xia Qianqian, Zhang Feng. AMS 14C dating and related historical geography question proposal at the Yuansha Delta in the central Taklamakan Desert [J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2016,36(5):1280-1292. ] |
[18] | 曹琼英, 夏训诚. 新疆克里雅河下游地貌与第四纪地质的初步研究[J]. 地理科学, 1992,12(1):34-43. |
[18] | [ Cao Qiongying, Xia Xuncheng. A preliminary study on the geomorphology and Quaternary geology in the lower reaches of the Keliya River[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1992,12(1):34-43. ] |
[19] | Li B S, Zhang D D, Zhou X J, et al. Study of sediments in the Yutian-Hotan Oasis, south Xinjiang, China[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 2002(2):221-228. |
[20] | 靳鹤龄, 董光荣, 金炯, 等. 塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地晚冰期以来的环境与气候变化[J]. 中国沙漠, 1994,14(3):31-37. |
[20] | [ Jin Heling, Dong Guangrong, Jin Jiong, et al. Environmental and climatic changes in the interior of Taklimakan Desert since Late Glacial Age[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 1994,14(3):31-37. ] |
[21] | 靳鹤龄, 董光荣. 试论干旱区河流在沙漠地貌发育中的作用——以塔克拉玛干沙漠和田河流域为例[J]. 中国沙漠, 2001,21(4):367-373. |
[21] | [ Jin Heling, Dong Guangrong. Preliminary study on the role of river wriggling in the evolution of aeolian landform in arid region: Taking Hotan River as an example[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2001,21(4):367-373. ] |
[22] | 冯起, 苏志珠, 金会军, 等. 塔里木河流域12 ka BP以来沙漠演化与气候变化研究[J]. 中国科学: D辑, 1999,29(1):87-96. |
[22] | [ Feng Qi, Su Zhizhu, Jin Huijun, et al. Desert evolution and climate changes in the Tarim River since 12 ka BP[J]. Science China: Series D, 1999,29(1):87-96. ] |
[23] | 陈发虎, 黄小忠, 杨美临, 等. 亚洲中部干旱区全新世气候变化的西风模式——以新疆博斯腾湖记录为例[J]. 第四纪研究, 2006,26(6):881-887. |
[23] | [ Chen Fahu, Huang Xiaozhong, Yang Meilin, et al. Westerly dominated Holocene climate model in arid central Asia: Case study on Bosten Lake, Xinjiang[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2006,26(6):881-887. ] |
[24] | Friedman G M, Sanders J E. Properties of sedimentary particles[M]. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978: 58-70. |
[25] | Prescott J R, Hutton J T. Cosmic ray contributions to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating: Large depths and long-term time variations[J]. Radiation Measurements, 1994,23(2-3):497-500. |
[26] | Prescott J R, Robertson G B. Sediment dating by luminescence: A review[J]. Radiation Measurements, 1997,27(5-6):893-922. |
[27] | Lai Z P. Chronology and the upper dating limit for loess samples from Luochuan section in the Chinese Loess Plateau using quartz OSL SAR protocol[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2010,37(2):176-185. |
[28] | Sundborg A. The River Klaralven: A study of fluvial processes[J]. Geografiska Annaler, 1956,38(3):238. |
[29] | Stokes S, Bailey R M, Fedoroff N, et al. Optical dating of aeolian dynamism on the west African Sahelian margin[J]. Geomorphology, 2004,59(1/4):281-291. |
[30] | 周兴佳, 李保生, 朱峰, 等. 南疆克里雅河绿洲发育和演化过程研究[J]. 云南地理环境研究, 1996,8(2):44-57. |
[30] | [ Zhou Xingjia, Li Baosheng, Zhu Feng, et al. The research on the development and evolution of the oasis of Keria River in the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang[J]. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research, 1996,8(2):44-57. ] |
[31] | An P, Yu L P, Wang Y X, et al. Holocene incisions and flood activities of the Keriya River, NW margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2019,191:104-224. |
[32] | Thornalley D J R, Elderfield H, McCave I N. Holocene oscillations in temperature and salinity of the surface subpolar North Atlantic[J]. Nature, 2009,457(7230):711-714 |
[33] | Berger A, Loutre M F. Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years[J]. Quaternary Science Review, 1991,10(4):297-317. |
[34] | 施雅风, 赵井东. 40~30 ka BP 中国特殊暖湿气候与环境的发现与研究过程的回顾[J]. 冰川冻土, 2009,31(1):1-10. |
[34] | [ Shi Yafeng, Zhao Jingdong. The special warm-humid climate and environment in China during 40-30 ka BP: Discovery and review[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2009,31(1):1-10. ] |
/
〈 | 〉 |