Enhancing the coupling and coordination between the digital economy and green development of agriculture in arid areas is essential for promoting high-quality agricultural growth. This study explores the coupling and coordination between the digital economy and green development of agriculture in Xinjiang, China, using panel data from 2011 to 2020. A coupling and coordination model was employed to quantify the interactions between the digital economy and green development of agriculture. Methods including Kernel density estimation, standard deviation ellipse, and the Dagum Gini coefficient were utilized to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the coupling and coordination degree. The results indicate that: (1) Xinjiang’s digital economy exhibits a “high in the center, low in the surrounding areas” pattern, while green development of agriculture shows a “high north, low south, high east, low west” distribution. Between 2011 and 2020, the growth rate of the digital economy in Xinjiang reached 131.618%, whereas the green development of agriculture increased by 33.922%. (2) The overall degree of coupling coordination in Xinjiang shows a gradual upward trend, with the growth rate of sub-regions ranked as follows: east Xinjiang>north Xinjiang>south Xinjiang. The Kernel density results suggest a polarization effect in both Xinjiang as a whole and within its three major regions. Analysis using the standard deviation ellipse reveals that the azimuthal angle rose by 1.747° from 2011 to 2015, and fell by 1.410° from 2015 to 2020, indicating a back-and-forth oscillation in the center of gravity for the distribution of the digital economy and green development of agriculture. (3) The overall level difference in coupling coordination shows a convergence trend, with an average inter-group difference of 0.403 and an intra-group difference of 0.304.