An ecological security pattern can promote regional ecological development and be highly beneficial for preserving ecologically fragile areas. Urumqi of Xinjiang, China, is a typical oasis city in an arid area. In an era of rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, because of the topographical and geological limitations and uneven spatial distribution of water and soil resources, the trade-off between regional agricultural development, ecological protection, and urbanization development is a concern. Therefore, the development of an effective method for the analysis of the temporal and spatial evolution of ecological security patterns is critical. In this study, the principle of “ecological source identification-resistance surface construction-ecological corridor extraction” was used. Based on these factors and the evaluation of the importance of ecosystem services and ecological sensitivity, the land use data of Urumqi in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were used to identify the ecological source. Next, the ecological corridors were extracted using the minimum cumulative resistance model. Furthermore, ecological pinch points were determined using the circuit theory. Finally, the resistance threshold method was used to develop the ecological security space and define the high alert restoration area. The results revealed the following: (1) In recent 20 years, the area of ecological source areas has increased considerably, and its area of 445.63 km² was more than 3.19% of the study area. The newly increased ecological source areas were distributed in Urumqi County and Dabancheng District in the southwest and east of the study area. (2) In the three periods, 27, 30, and 40 ecological corridors with a total length of 870.42 km, 1115.83 km, and 1277.12 km, respectively, were identified. (3) The spatial distribution of the five levels of ecological security in the study area was uneven. The northeast, southwest, and periphery regions of the study area had a concentration of high ecological security spaces, whereas the middle region had a moderate concentration. The two spatial distributions revealed a continuous expansion trend. The medium ecological security space showed zonal distribution from northwest to southeast in the study area, whereas low ecological security space was concentrated in the north and sparse in the south. The spatial distribution of the three space types exhibited a decreasing trend. (4) Seven ecological pinch points were observed in the study area. The areas of high alert repaired were 188.17 km². The maximum accumulated current was reduced from 4.75 A to 3.82 A after restoration. The results can effectively coordinate the contradictory relationship between economic development and ecological protection in the study area. The results of the study can provide a scientific foundation and support the territory development plan for optimizing ecological civilization construction.