Uzbekistan is a double landlocked country located in the hinterland of Central Asia and an important country on the ancient Silk Road. Within the framework of implementing the Belt and Road initiative, China and Uzbekistan have broad prospects for cooperation in the field of renewable energy. Currently, a knowledge gap exist regarding the latest state of Uzbekistan’s renewable energy development, particularly the national development plan and preferential policies for Uzbekistan’s renewable energy, Uzbekistan’s green economy strategy and carbon emission reduction (climate change) measures, and renewable energy. This article uses literature analysis, case study, data analysis, and other research methods to analyze the development status of Uzbekistan’s renewable energy, such as solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, geothermal energy, biogas energy, national development plans, and a series of preferential incentive measures and green economy strategies. The overall situation of Uzbekistan’s renewable energy development is analyzed from various dimensions, such as carbon reduction measures and market competitiveness. Analysis results show that Uzbekistan has favorable natural conditions for renewable resources, and active policies have been adopted nationally to promote innovative development in the field of renewable energy. In the future, Uzbekistan will gradually increase its proportion of renewable energy and continue to increase financing in this field. Recently, the government of Uzbekistan has been attaching great importance to the development of renewable energy and has successively issued relevant policies to vigorously promote the construction of renewable energy power generation projects to achieve energy diversification. Broad prospects for China-Uzbekistan cooperation are available in the field of renewable energy utilization. Both countries have a considerable cooperation space in talent, technology, capital, and equipment, and are expected to make great achievements in improving the utilization efficiency of renewable energy, developing a green economy, and conducting low-carbon energy cooperation.