新疆文化资源空间分布特征及成因分析——以非物质文化遗产为例

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.02.29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

非物质文化遗产根植于特定的生存环境,见证了人类历史的发展,其空间分布与人类迁徙、文明的传播与扩散有着紧密的联系。新疆是古代陆路丝绸之路重要节点,古代中西文化、经济交流的交汇地,非遗丰富多样,但对自然与人文因素与其空间分布关联却鲜有学者研究。通过借助ArcGIS空间分析功能,对新疆（含生产建设兵团）国家级、自治区级484项非遗项目进行空间分析,并首次从历史视角将人类迁徙、古丝绸之路纳入到非遗空间成因中。结果显示：（1）新疆非遗整体为凝聚型,中原文化传入为主体的传统戏剧、曲艺零星分布个别区域,与生活密切相关的传统技艺、传统舞蹈、传统音乐等均匀分布,形成多个高密度区;其中民间文学、传统音乐、传统舞蹈彼此空间近邻,互相依存,相伴而生;天山以南的塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘一带,古陆路丝绸之路主要驿站成为传统技艺、传统音乐和传统舞蹈大多分布的高密度区域。（2）新疆非遗空间不仅与地貌、河流分布有关,同时古丝绸之路、人类迁徙对非遗的扩散与发展具有重大影响,而经济发展水平的影响具有多面性。研究结果对非遗开发,丝绸之路沿线城市国家文化协同发展具有重要的参考价值。

关键词: 非物质文化遗产, 空间分布, 古丝绸之路, 新疆

Abstract:

Intangible cultural heritage is rooted in a specific environment and has witnessed the development of human history and human migration. Cultural heritage is linked closely with the spread and diffusion of human civilization. To the northwest of the heartland of Chinese civilization, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang), China is an area of lonely, rugged mountains and vast desert basins; the area is 1646900 km². The indigenous population consists of agriculturalists and pastoralists, who inhabit the oases strung out along the mountain foothills or wander the arid plains searching for pasturage. The area was thinly populated by herders and oasis farmers organized into small kingdoms and tribal alliances. A trade route, the “silk route”, passed through a series of oasis settlements south of the Tianshan Mountains. This route carried Chinese silk to Europe in exchange for precious metals, glassware, and woolen cloth. Xinjiang has many sources of intangible cultural heritage. Although some studies on the spatial distribution and relative influence factors of intangible cultural heritage revealed natural factors as basic influencing factors, there are unknown factors, especially humanity factors. This research aimed to provide a foundational understanding of the factors from the perspective of cultural diffusion. The spatial distribution characteristics of Xinjiang were examined. An analysis of the spatial characteristics of 484 items of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) (including national and regional projects) in Xinjiang was performed with the help of ArcGIS 10.3 space analysis tools. The distribution characteristics of various types of ICH are unique to each type of ICH according to the method of K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and density of kernel (KDE), in which the search radius was 1.5 decimals. Therefore, further factor analysis will be needed based on nature and humanity. The results revealed the following. (1) The overall intangible cultural heritage in Xinjiang is cohesive. Traditional dramas and folk art from the central plains, as the main body, are scattered in individual areas. Traditional skills, traditional dances, and traditional music, which are closely related to life, are distributed evenly, forming multiple high-density areas. Folk literature, traditional music, and traditional dance are close to each other in space, interdependent, and coexist. The traditional skills, traditional music, and traditional dance, which are distributed in high-density in the edge of the Taklimakan Desert south of the Tianshan Mountains, are the main ancient land Silk Road posts. (2) ICH space in Xinjiang is related to the geomorphology and river distribution and has a major impact on the proliferation and development of ICH by the ancient Silk Road and human migration. Furthermore, the level of economic development has a multi-faceted impact. This study shows that historical factors play an important role in the ICH spatial distribution.

Key words: intangible cultural heritage, spatial distribution, Silk Road, Xinjiang

王春燕,昝梅,施国芳,周玲强. 新疆文化资源空间分布特征及成因分析——以非物质文化遗产为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(2): 584-593.

WANG Chunyan,ZAN Mei,SHI Guofang,ZHOU Lingqiang. Spatial distribution and cause of cultural resources in Xinjiang：Taking intangible cultural heritage as an example[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(2): 584-593.

图/表 4

表1

新疆不同区域非物质文化遗产空间分布邻近指数"

指标	乌鲁木齐市	克拉玛依市	吐鲁番市	哈密市	昌吉回族自治洲	伊犁州直属县(市)	塔城地区	阿勒泰地区	博尔塔拉蒙古自治州	巴音郭楞蒙古自治州	阿克苏地区	克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州	喀什地区	和田地区	五家渠市
平均值（ $r ̅$ ）	3944.82	53691.22	11446.24	7914.38	9871.25	4946.19	16228.77	18955.56	1258.73	3406.28	6920.85	5531.69	1984.44	2058.21	109827.56
理论最邻近距离（r_E）	30678.08	7601.07	7450.09	6763.44	9244.07	17236.10	9748.78	8244.39	10968.87	5151.88	8176.36	9099.18	11197.45	5926.20	18764.67
最邻近指数（R）	3.09	7.06	1.54	1.17	1.07	0.29	1.66	2.30	0.11	0.66	0.85	0.61	0.18	0.35	5.85
空间结构类型	均匀型	均匀型	均匀型	均匀型	均匀型	凝聚型	均匀型	均匀型	凝聚型	凝聚型	凝聚型	凝聚型	凝聚型	凝聚型	均匀型

表1

表2

新疆不同类型非物质文化遗产空间分布邻近指数"

指标	民间文学	传统音乐	传统舞蹈	传统戏剧	曲艺	传统体育、游艺与杂技	传统美术	传统技艺	传统医药	民俗
平均值（ $r ̅$ ）	2264.01	2619.87	12040.22	693.61	1923.67	5000.12	10104.89	7568.20	8195.93	11265.44
理论最邻近距离（r_E）	2781.62	3439.14	2512.48	4679.67	2410.64	2532.15	2659.57	4353.69	2248.94	3115.24
最邻近指数（R）	0.81	0.76	4.79	0.15	0.80	1.97	3.80	1.74	3.64	3.62
空间结构类型	凝聚型	凝聚型	均匀型	凝聚型	凝聚型	均匀型	均匀型	均匀型	均匀型	均匀型

表2

图1

图2

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