基于红外相机技术的阿尔金山保护区祁曼塔格山兽类和鸟类多样性监测的初步研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.426

干旱区地理 ›› 2024, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (10): 1662-1673.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.426 cstr: 32274.14.ALG2024426

• 第三次新疆综合科学考察 • 上一篇下一篇

基于红外相机技术的阿尔金山保护区祁曼塔格山兽类和鸟类多样性监测的初步研究

王秀磊¹(), 徐俊泉², 张圣发², 李欢², 李佳³()

1.中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所，生物多样性保护国家林业和草原局重点实验室，北京 100091
2.新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州阿尔金山国家级自然保护区管理局，新疆库尔勒 841000
3.中国林业科学研究院生态保护与修复研究所，北京 100091

收稿日期:2024-07-15 修回日期:2024-09-07 出版日期:2024-10-25 发布日期:2024-11-27
通讯作者: 李佳（1988-），男，副研究员，主要从事野生动物保护与利用研究. E-mail: lijia2530@126.com
作者简介:王秀磊（1978-），女，博士研究生，主要从事自然保护区研究. E-mail: hellowxl@163.com
基金资助:
第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2021xjkk1200)

A preliminary survey of mammals and birds diversity based on camera trapping in Qimantag Mountain of Altun Mountain National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang

WANG Xiulei¹(), XU Junquan², ZHANG Shengfa², LI Huan², LI Jia³()

1. Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
2. Management Bureau of the Altun Mountain National Nature Reserve in Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Korla 841000, Xinjiang, China
3. Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China

Received:2024-07-15 Revised:2024-09-07 Published:2024-10-25 Online:2024-11-27

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了解新疆阿尔金山国家级自然保护区野生动物基本情况，于2021年1月至2022年1月和2022年12月至2024年1月，在保护区东北部的祁曼塔格山采用红外相机技术开展野生动物资源调查。调查期间，红外相机累计工作17529个有效相机日，拍摄到7237张野生动物有效独立照片。结果表明：（1）拍摄到6045张野生兽类有效独立照片，鉴定出5目8科19种野生兽类，Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为3.05，Pielou均匀度指数为0.71；相对多度指数（R_AI）排名前5的野生兽类物种依次为藏野驴（Equus kiang，R_AI=85.85）、灰尾兔（Lepus oiostolus，R_AI=82.26）、岩羊（Pseudois nayaur，R_AI=44.04）、野牦牛（Bos mutus，R_AI=35.26）和狼（Canis lupus，R_AI=26.41）。（2）拍摄到1182张野生鸟类有效独立照片，鉴定出10目21科50种野生鸟类，Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为4.31，Pielou均匀度指数为0.76；排名前5的野生鸟类物种依次是暗腹雪鸡（Tetraogallus himalayensis，R_AI=9.81）、漠䳭（Oenanthe deserti，R_AI=8.04）、红嘴山鸦（Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax，R_AI=7.25）、黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis，R_AI=6.33）和角百灵（Eremophila alpestris，R_AI=5.42）。（3）国家I级和II级重点保护野生动物分别为11种和18种；《中国生物多样性红色名录》列为濒危物种6种，易危7种，近危13种；石貂（Meles fonia）、豺（Cuon alpinus）、白翅百灵（Alauda leucoptera）和乌鸫（Turdus mandarinus）为阿尔金山保护区新增记录。（4）日活动节律表明，岩羊、野牦牛和狼为昼行性动物，灰尾兔为偏夜行性动物，藏野驴则为昼夜兼性动物。研究结果为创建昆仑山国家公园和野生动物资源监测提供基础数据，也为加强阿尔金山保护区的保护与管理提供科学依据。

关键词: 阿尔金山国家级自然保护区, 物种名录, 濒危物种, 相对多度指数, 活动选择指数

Abstract:

From January 2021 to January 2022 and from December 2022 to January 2024, we conducted a camera-trap survey to investigate wildlife resources in the Qimantag Mountain, located northeast of the Altun Mountain National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China. Over the course of 17529 camera-trap days, we obtained 7237 independent detections. The results indicated the following: (1) We recorded 6045 independent detections of mammals, identifying 19 species across five orders and eight families. The Shannon-Wiener and Pielou evenness indices for the mammal community were 3.05 and 0.71, respectively. Based on the relative abundance index (R_AI), the five most abundant mammal species were Equus kiang (85.85), Lepus oiostolus (82.26), Pseudois nayaur (44.04), Bos mutus (35.26), and Canis lupus (26.41). (2) We recorded 1182 independent detections of birds, identifying 50 species from 10 orders and 21 families. The Shannon-Wiener and Pielou evenness indices for the bird community were 4.31 and 0.76, respectively. The five most abundant bird species were Tetraogallus himalayensis (9.81), Oenanthe deserti (8.04), Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocarax (7.25), Grus nigricollis (6.33), and Eremophila alpestris (5.42). (3) Among the detected species, 11 are listed as Class I state key protected wildlife, and 18 as Class II, in China. Six species are classified as endangered, seven as vulnerable, and 13 as near threatened according to the Red List of China’s Vertebrates. Additionally, four species: Cuon alpinus, Meles fonia, Turdus mandarinus, and Alauda leucoptera were new records for the Altun Mountain Reserve. (4) The activity patterns of Pseudois nayaur, Bos mutus, and Canis lupus were predominantly diurnal, while Lepus oiostolus was more nocturnal, and Equus kiang exhibited both diurnal and nocturnal activity. These findings provide a baseline for wildlife resources in the Altun Mountain Reserve and offer fundamental data for the creation of Kunlun Mountain National Park and for long-term wildlife monitoring in the region.

Key words: Altun Mountain National Nature Reserve, species list, endangered species, relative abundance index, activity selection index

王秀磊, 徐俊泉, 张圣发, 李欢, 李佳. 基于红外相机技术的阿尔金山保护区祁曼塔格山兽类和鸟类多样性监测的初步研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(10): 1662-1673.

WANG Xiulei, XU Junquan, ZHANG Shengfa, LI Huan, LI Jia. A preliminary survey of mammals and birds diversity based on camera trapping in Qimantag Mountain of Altun Mountain National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(10): 1662-1673.

图/表 6

图1

图2

表1

表2

阿尔金山国家级自然保护区东北部祁曼塔格山红外相机监测的野生鸟类名录"

物种名称	国家保护级别	IUCN 红色名录	中国生物多样性红色名录	独立照片数量	相对多度指数（R_AI）
一鸡形目 GALLIFORMES
(一) 雉科 Phasianidae
1 暗腹雪鸡 Tetraogallus himalayensis	II级	LC	NT	172	9.81
2 藏雪鸡 Tetraogallus tibetanus	II级	LC	NT	2	0.11
3 石鸡 Alectoris chukar	-	LC	LC	28	1.60
二雁形目 ANSERIFORMES
(二) 鸭科 Anatidae
4 斑头雁 Anser indicus	-	LC	LC	2	0.11
5 赤麻鸭 Tadorna ferruginea	-	LC	LC	1	0.06
三鸽形目 COLUMBIFORMES
(三) 鸠鸽科 Columbidae
6 岩鸽 Columba rupestris	-	LC	LC	3	0.17
四鹤形目 GRUIFORMES
(四) 鹤科 Gruidae
7 黑颈鹤 Grus nigricollis	I级	NT	VU	111	6.33
五鸻形目 CHARADRIIFORMES
(五) 鹬科 Scolopacidae
8 红脚鹬 Tringa totanus	-	LC	LC	31	1.77
(六) 鸻科 Charadriidae
9 金眶鸻 Charadrius dubius	-	LC	LC	1	0.06
六鹰形目 ACCIPITRIFORMES
(七) 鹰科 Accipitridae
10 大鵟 Buteo hemilasius	II级	LC	VU	7	0.40
11 秃鹫 Aegypius monachus	I级	NT	VU	19	1.08
12 胡兀鹫 Gypaetus barbatus	I级	NT	NT	35	2.00
13 高山兀鹫 Gyps himalayensis	II级	NT	NT	21	1.20
14 雀鹰 Accipiter nisus	II级	LC	LC	1	0.06
15 金雕 Aquila chrysaetos	I级	LC	VU	1	0.06
七鸮形目 STRIGIFORMES
（八）鸱鸮科 Strigidae
16 纵纹腹小鸮 Athene noctua	II级	LC	LC	2	0.11
八犀鸟目 Bucerotiformes
（九）戴胜科 Upupidae
17 戴胜 Upupa epops	-	LC	LC	3	0.17
九隼形目 FALCONIFORMES
(十) 隼科 Falconidae
18 红隼 Falco tinnunculus	II级	LC	LC	10	0.57
19 红脚隼 Falco amurensis	II级	LC	NT	2	0.11
20 猎隼 Falco cherrug	I级	EN	EN	3	0.17
十雀形目 PASSERIFORMES
(一十一) 燕雀科 Fringillidae
21 大朱雀 Carpodacus rubicilla	-	LC	LC	6	0.34
22 高山岭雀 Leucosticte brandti	-	LC	LC	17	0.97
(一十二) 鹟科 Muscicapidae
23 白顶䳭 Oenanthe pleschanka	-	LC	LC	2	0.11
24 红背红尾鸲 Phoenicuropsis erythronotus	-	LC	LC	2	0.11
25 红腹红尾鸲 Phoenicurus erythrogastrus	-	LC	LC	24	1.37
26 赭红尾鸲 Phoenicurus ochruros	-	LC	LC	74	4.22
27 红胁蓝尾鸲 Tarsiger cyanurus	-	LC	LC	6	0.34
28 漠䳭 Oenanthe deserti	-	LC	LC	141	8.04
(一十三) 鸦科 Corvidae
29 大嘴乌鸦 Corvus macrorhynchos	-	LC	LC	10	0.57
30 红嘴山鸦 Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax	-	LC	LC	127	7.25
31 小嘴乌鸦 Corvus corone	-	LC	LC	63	3.59
32 渡鸦 Corvus corax	-	LC	LC	20	1.14
(一十四) 䴓科 Sittidae
33 红翅旋壁雀 Tichodroma muraria	-	LC	LC	9	0.51
(一十五) 岩鹨科 Prunellidae
34 褐岩鹨 Prunella fulvescens	-	LC	LC	20	1.14
(一十六) 百灵科 Alaudidae
35 白翅百灵 Alauda leucoptera	-	LC	LC	2	0.11
36 大短趾百灵 Calandrella brachydactyla	-	LC	LC	2	0.11
37 角百灵 Eremophila alpestris	-	LC	LC	95	5.42
38 细嘴短趾百灵 Calandrella acutirostris	-	LC	LC	1	0.06
39 长嘴百灵 Melanocorypha maxima	-	LC	LC	28	1.60
(一十七) 山雀科 Paridae
40 地山雀 Pseudopodoces humilis^*	-	LC	LC	22	1.26
(一十八) 鹡鸰科 Motacillidae
41黄鹡鸰 Motacilla tschutschensis	-	LC	LC	1	0.06
42 黄头鹡鸰 Motacilla citreola	-	LC	LC	10	0.57
(一十九) 雀科 Passeridae
43 白斑翅雪雀 Montifringilla nivalis	-	LC	LC	1	0.06
44 白腰雪雀 Onychostruthus taczanowskii	-	LC	LC	2	0.11
45 棕颈雪雀 Pyrgilauda ruficollis	-	LC	LC	21	1.20
46 棕背雪雀 Pyrgilauda blanfordi	-	LC	LC	8	0.46
47 麻雀 Passer montanus	-	LC	LC	1	0.06
（二十）鸫科 Turdidae
48 乌鸫 Turdus mandarinus	-	LC	LC	9	0.51
49 田鸫 Turdus pilaris	-	LC	LC	1	0.06
（二十一）伯劳科 Laniidae
50 棕背伯劳 Lanius schach	-	LC	LC	2	0.11

表2

图3

表3

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物种	时间段
物种	白天	夜间	晨昏
藏野驴（Equus kiang）	1.01	0.78	0.97
岩羊（Pseudois nayaur）	1.43	0.13	0.65
灰尾免（Lepus oiostolus）	0.47	1.52	1.09
野牦牛（Bos mutus）	1.35	0.62	0.85
狼（Canis lupus）	1.30	0.52	1.24

基于红外相机技术的阿尔金山保护区祁曼塔格山兽类和鸟类多样性监测的初步研究

A preliminary survey of mammals and birds diversity based on camera trapping in Qimantag Mountain of Altun Mountain National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang

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物种名称	国家保护级别	IUCN 红色名录	中国生物多样性红色名录	独立照片数量	相对多度指数（R_AI）
一兔形目 LAGOMORPHA
(一) 兔科 Leporidae
1 灰尾兔 Lepus oiostolus	-	LC	LC	1442	82.26
二啮齿目 RODENTIA
(二) 松鼠科 Sciuridae
2 喜马拉雅旱獭 Marmota himalayana	-	LC	LC	270	15.40
三鲸偶蹄目 CETARTIODACTYLA
(三) 牛科 Bovidae
3 岩羊 Pseudois nayaur	II级	LC	LC	772	44.04
4 野牦牛 Bos mutus^*	I级	VU	VU	618	35.26
5 西藏盘羊 Ovis ammon^*	I级	NT	NT	24	1.37
6 藏原羚 Procapra picticaudata^*	II级	NT	NT	63	3.59
7 藏羚 Pantholops hodgsonii^*	I级	NT	NT	9	0.51
8 鹅喉羚 Gazella subgutturosa	II级	EN	VU	18	1.03
四奇蹄目 PERISSODACTYLA
(四) 马科 Equidae
9 藏野驴 Equus kiang	I级	LC	NT	1505	85.86
五食肉目 CARNIVORA
(五) 鼬科 Mustelidae
10 亚洲狗獾 Meles leucurus	-	LC	NT	21	1.20
11 石貂 Meles fonia	II级	LC	EN	1	0.06
(六) 熊科 Ursidae
12 棕熊 Ursus arctos	II级	LC	VU	71	4.05
(七) 猫科 Felidae
13 兔狲 Otocolobus manul	II级	LC	EN	5	0.29
14 雪豹 Panthera uncia	I级	VU	EN	207	11.81
15 猞猁 Lynx lynx	II级	LC	EN	73	4.16
(八) 犬科 Canidae
16 赤狐 Vulpes vulpes	II级	LC	NT	386	22.02
17 豺 Cuon alpinus	I级	EN	EN	77	4.39
18 狼 Canis lupus	II级	LC	NT	463	26.41
19 藏狐 Vulpes ferrilata	II级	LC	NT	20	1.14

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