流域乡村聚落发展潜能评测及分区振兴路径——以汾河流域为例

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.258

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

乡村聚落是乡村人地关系最集中的表现，探索流域乡村聚落发展潜能及发展路径对流域乡村经济可持续发展具有重要现实意义。立足乡村地域系统理论和现代化乡村发展特征，综合评测乡村聚落发展潜能，制定区划方案，诊断各区优势因子和制约性，探索乡村振兴发展路径，并以汾河流域为例开展实证研究。研究结果：（1）以汾河流域11107个自然乡村聚落为研究对象，从自然条件、资源禀赋、生态约束、社会经济水平、城市外驱5个维度构建了新时代乡村聚落发展潜能评测体系。（2）汾河流域自然乡村地域发展潜能空间差异悬殊，中游、下游高于上游，中部河谷盆地高于两侧山地丘陵。（3）汾河流域自然乡村聚落发展潜能参差不齐，共划分了5个一级区和12个二级区，不同类型区的发展潜能、发展优势和发展路径具有明显特征和差异。研究结果为流域乡村振兴战略的推进和实施提供了新的考量和科学参考。

关键词: 乡村振兴, 乡村地域系统, 乡村聚落, 发展路径, 汾河流域

Abstract:

Settlements are the concentrated expression of man-land relationship in rural area. Exploration of the development potential and development path of rural settlements is essential to the sustainable development of rural economy. Based on the theory of rural regional system and modern rural development characteristics, this study evaluated the development potential of rural settlements, formulated zoning schemes, and analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of these schemes to explore the path of rural revitalization by taking Fenhe River Basin, Shanxi Province, China as an example. The research results show that: (1) The evaluation system was constructed by considering 11107 rural settlement patches as study objects to reveal the development potential of rural settlement from the aspects of natural environment, resources endowment, ecological protection, socio-economic level, and city driving. (2) The development potential showed a great difference, and its distribution was unbalanced in the Fenhe River Basin. The development potential of the middle and lower reaches were higher than that of the upper reaches, and the development potential of the middle valley basin was higher than that of the mountains and hills of the east and west. (3) The rural settlements were categorized into 5 first-class zones and 12 second-class zones that exhibited obvious characteristics and differences in development potential, development advantage, and development path. The results of this study contributed to the promotion and implementation of the rural revitalization strategy in the Fenhe River Basin and other similar areas.

Key words: rural revitalization, rural regional system, rural settlement, development path, Fenhe River Basin

侯志华,崔晓琪,樊晓霞. 流域乡村聚落发展潜能评测及分区振兴路径——以汾河流域为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2023, 46(4): 649-657.

HOU Zhihua,CUI Xiaoqi,FAN Xiaoxia. Partitioning paths for development potential of rural settlements in watershed: Take Fenhe River Basin as an example[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2023, 46(4): 649-657.

图/表 8

图1

图2

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表4

汾河流域自然乡村聚落发展潜能分区及其乡村振兴发展路径"

一级区	二级子区	聚落数量/个	聚落面积/km²	平均V_j	因子	发展路径
流域北部自然条件约束区	汾河源头内外综合制约型低潜能区	740	23.49	0.1935	气温^-、地形^-、耕地^-、社会经济^-、城市外驱^-	加强汾河源头生态建设，乡村聚落适度集聚，因地制宜发展生态农业、特色农业、休闲旅游产业
	芦芽山、云中山气候-地形制约型较低潜能区	947	76.64	0.2459	气温^-，旅游⁺
	汾河上游河谷气温制约型中潜能区	46	13.92	0.3314	气温^-、矿产^-，水体⁺、旅游⁺
流域西侧吕梁山生态可持续约束区	吕梁山北段气候-地形制约型较低潜能区	501	31.97	0.2571	气候^-、地形^-、耕地^-，林地⁺	生态优先，山水林田湖草村统筹规划，积极推进产业生态化和生态产业化
	灵霍峡谷及其两侧生态制约型较低潜能区	1156	129.89	0.2465	生态^-、矿产^-，土壤⁺
	吕梁山南段生态制约型低潜能区	905	58.39	0.2289	生态^-、地形^-，林地⁺、土壤⁺
流域东侧太行-太岳山生态可持续约束区	太行山中段生态制约型低潜能区	972	54.58	0.2403	生态^-、耕地^-，矿产⁺、林地⁺	重点开展生态保护和生态修复，积极发展特色林产业和生态型立体农业
流域东侧太行-太岳山生态可持续约束区	太岳山生态制约型较低潜能区	782	58.22	0.2428	生态^-，林地⁺	重点开展生态保护和生态修复，积极发展特色林产业和生态型立体农业
流域中部晋中盆地及周边内外综合驱动发展区	太原市区南北城郊外驱力主导型高潜能区	455	149.88	0.5000	降水^-、旅游^-，城市外驱⁺、社会经济⁺、地形⁺	大力推进农业生产现代化、产业化、信息化，打造乡村全面振兴区域样板
	晋中盆地南部内生力主导型中高潜能区	876	356.15	0.4580	降水^-、土壤^-，地形⁺、耕地⁺、矿产⁺、社会经济⁺
	晋中盆地周边丘陵-带中潜能区	981	267.28	0.3384	降水^-、旅游^-
流域南部临汾盆地及周边内生主导发展区	汾河下游两侧内生力主导型高潜能区	514	217.98	0.4797	地形⁺、耕地⁺、社会经济⁺	加快构建现代农业产业体系，促进乡村产业多元化、市场化，强化与外援系统的相互促进和共建共享
	临汾盆地南部自然条件优越型中高潜能区	1172	354.23	0.4236	地形⁺、耕地⁺、旅游⁺
	临汾盆地周边丘陵-带中低潜能区	1060	188.26	0.3020	耕地⁺

表4

图4

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数据类型	数据来源	数据说明
乡村自然聚落斑块	地理空间数据云Landsat8 OLI影像（http://www.gscloud.cn）	2019年，人机交互解译
DEM	地理空间数据云ASTER GDEM V2数据（http://www.gscloud.cn）	栅格数据，30 m
气象数据	中国地面累年值数据集（http://data.cma.cn）	1981—2010年
土壤有机质	中国土壤数据集（v1.1）（http://www.ncdc.ac.cn）	栅格数据，1000 m
土地利用/覆被类型	全球土地覆盖产品（FROM-GLC10）（http://data.ess.tsinghua.edu.cn）	2017年，栅格数据，10 m
道路交通	1:700000山西省地图[JS(2019)01-304]，Landsat8 OLI影像	2019年，矢量化、目视解译
矿产资源	《山西省能源地图集（2014版）》中山西省1:1650000矿产资源地图	2014年，矢量化
A级旅游景区	山西省文化和旅游厅官网发布的山西省A级景区名录（http://wlt.shanxi.gov.cn）	2020年，矢量化
POI兴趣点	北京大学开放研究数据平台高德地图兴趣点数据（https://opendata.pku.edu.cn）	2018年
市县行政边界	1:2000000山西省地图 [晋S(2020)005号]	2020年，矢量化

准则层	指标层	指标代码	指标极性	一级权重	二级权重
自然条件	1981—2010年多年平均气温/℃	N₁	+	0.210	0.166
	1981—2010年多年平均降水量/mm	N₂	+		0.165
	平均海拔/m	N₃	-		0.167
	15°以下坡度面积占比/%	N₄	+		0.167
	地表破碎度	N₅	-		0.168
	土壤有机质含量/g·kg^-1	N₆	+		0.167
资源禀赋	水体面积占比/%	R₁	+	0.210	0.139
	农田面积占比/%	R₂	+		0.209
	林地面积占比/%	R₃	+		0.211
	距矿产资源欧氏距离/km	R₄	-		0.220
	距A级景区级别权重欧氏距离/km	R₅	-		0.220
生态约束	生态安全重要区域^①面积占比/%	E	-	0.199	1.000
社会经济水平	非渗透地面面积占比/%	S₁	+	0.192	0.339
	路网密度/km·km^-2	S₂	+		0.376
	POI兴趣点密度/个·km^-2	S₃	+		0.285
城市外驱	城市空间场能指数^②	C	+	0.189	1.000

潜能级别	潜能值	面积/km²	分布	特征
低潜能区	D_i≤0.22	9135.00	流域北端及东西两侧山地区	受先天自然环境和生态保护需求的严重制约，聚落分布相对分散、孤立
较低潜能区	0.22<D_i≤0.28	14364.64	两大盆地东西两侧和上游河谷两侧的广泛丘陵山区	自然环境复杂，社会经济基础较差，乡村聚落自我发展能力较弱，也缺乏有效的外动力
中潜能区	0.28<D_i≤0.37	6606.50	上游河谷，中部两大盆地周边及盆地间的灵霍峡谷一带	乡村发展受多种因素交叉影响且优劣并存
较高潜能区	0.37<D_i≤0.46	5678.77	晋中盆地西部、南部和临汾盆地的南部	乡村发展先天条件较好，自身优势明显，但外驱动力不足，发展模式较为落后
高潜能区	D_i>0.46	4463.61	两盆地的各大市县周边区域	自然条件得天独厚，区位优势明显，乡村社会经济基础良好，中心城区辐射作用突出