干旱区梨园不同覆盖条件下土壤环境因子综合性评价研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2021.402

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在干旱沿黄灌区开展不同覆盖材料配合滴灌的灌溉保墒方式下,进一步研究了不同覆盖方式对梨园全生育期的土壤理化性状和养分含量变化影响,分析了土壤温度、水分、pH等和矿质营养元素间的相互关系,对覆盖后的土壤质量进行了综合性评价。试验处理分为无覆盖对照（T1）、园艺地布覆盖（T2）、玉米秸秆覆盖（T3）和黑地膜覆盖（T4）4个处理;试验设计为随机区组设计,每个处理小区均为167株梨树（约占地667 m²）,重复3次;各小区土样分0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm土层取样。结果表明：（1）园艺地布和黑地膜覆盖处理有一定的增温效应,而玉米秸秆覆盖有较好的降温和稳温效应,且增墒效应明显,土壤含水率比其他3种处理显著提高了1.0%~2.7%。（2）相较无覆盖处理,黑地膜覆盖可提升表层土壤pH,并加速表层土壤有机质的分解,有机质含量较无覆盖处理下降33.1%;玉米秸秆覆盖可显著降低各土层的土壤pH,降低范围为1.8%~4.6%,并促进0~20 cm土层有机质的提升,土壤有机质含量增加12.2%;园艺地布覆盖下0~40 cm土层内土壤有机质含量和全盐量均有降低。（3）黑地膜覆盖下0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的碱解氮含量分别为73.00 mg·g^-1和64.53 mg·g^-1,均显著地高于无覆盖处理,无覆盖条件下土壤碱解氮在深层（40~60 cm土层）积累较多,显著地高于玉米秸秆和黑地膜覆盖;各处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层速效磷含量差异显著,大小顺序均为T4>T3>T2>T1,玉米秸秆覆盖可提升土壤速效钾和速效铁的含量。（4）进行主成分分析表明不同覆盖方式对梨园浅层土壤环境因子的影响要明显大于深层土壤,在0~40 cm土层内各覆盖处理效果均好于无覆盖处理,其中玉米秸秆覆盖在0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层综合得分分别为1.189和0.326,覆盖效果最佳。

关键词: 干旱区, 不同覆盖, 土壤质量, 主成分分析

Abstract:

This study investigated the effects of different mulching materials on the changes of soil physical and chemical properties and nutrient content during the entire growth period of pear orchard, at Jingtai County, Gansu Province, China, analyzing the relationship between soil temperature, moisture, pH, and mineral nutrients and comprehensively evaluating the soil. Four mulching treatments were used in this experiment: no mulching (T1), gardening cloth mulching (T2), maize straw mulching (T3), and black plastic mulching (T4). The randomized block design was adopted. Each treatment plot consisted of 167 pear trees (covering an area of about 667 m²), repeated for three times; soil samples of each plot were obtained from 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm soil layers. The results showed that (1) the treatments of gardening cloth mulching and black plastic mulching had a certain warming effect. The gardening cloth mulching could reduce the content of soil organic matter and the total salt content of soil. The treatments of plastic mulching film could increase the surface soil pH and accelerate the decomposition of organic matter in the surface soil. Maize straw mulching had well temperature lowering and stabilizing effects, and the effect of soil moisture increasing was obvious. Meanwhile, compared with the other three treatments, its soil moisture content significantly increased by 1.0%-2.7%. (2) Compared with no mulching treatment, black film mulching could improve the pH and accelerate the decomposition of organic matter in topsoil, and the content of organic matter decreased by 33.1%. At the same time, maize straw mulching significantly reduced the pH of each soil layer with a reduction range of 1.8%-4.6% and promoted the increase of organic matter in 0-20 cm soil layer with increasing the content of soil organic matter by 12.2%. (3) The content of soil organic matter and total salt in 0-40 cm soil layer under gardening cloth mulching decreased. The contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers under black plastic mulching were 73.00 mg·g^-1 and 64.53 mg·g^-1, respectively, which were significantly higher than those under no mulching treatment. Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen accumulated more in the deep layer (40-60 cm soil layer) without mulching, which was significantly higher than that of maize straw and black plastic mulching. The content of available phosphorus in 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers of each treatment was observed to be significantly different, and the order from high to low was T4>T3>T2>T1. Furthermore, maize straw mulching could increase the availability of potassium and available iron in soil. (4) According to the comprehensive assessment by principal component analysis, the effects of different mulching methods on the environmental factors of shallow soil in pear orchard were significantly greater than those of deep soil, and the effects of each mulching treatment in the 0-40 cm soil layer were better than those without mulching treatment. The comprehensive scores of corn straw mulching in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers were 1.189 and 0.326, respectively.

Key words: arid region, different mulching, soil quality, principal component analysis

曹刚,毕淑海,赵明新,曹素芳,王玮,牛济军,李红旭. 干旱区梨园不同覆盖条件下土壤环境因子综合性评价研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(3): 890-900.

CAO Gang,BI Shuhai,ZHAO Mingxin,CAO Sufang,WANG Wei,NIU Jijun,LI Hongxu. Comprehensive evaluation of soil environmental factors under different mulching conditions in pear orchard in arid region[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(3): 890-900.

图/表 8

表1

不同土层土壤平均温度"

土层/cm	处理	月平均温度/℃								年均温度/℃	变异系数/%
土层/cm	处理	3月	4月	5月	6月	7月	8月	9月	10月	年均温度/℃	变异系数/%
0~20	T1	8.0±0.22a	13.0±0.03b	15.5±0.14c	20.5±0.08c	22.9±0.06a	22.4±0.17a	16.8±0.01a	10.4±0.26a	16.2	34.1
	T2	6.8±0.11b	13.9±0.02a	16.2±0.07b	21.7±0.11a	21.3±0.02c	18.2±0.13d	14.2±0.06d	8.1±0.06d	15.1	36.6
	T3	4.5±0.18d	10.7±0.08d	14.5±0.05d	18.8±0.09d	20.8±0.09d	20.7±0.05b	16.2±0.09b	10.0±0.09b	14.5	39.8
	T4	5.6±0.22c	11.9±0.04c	16.5±0.13a	21.6±0.07b	21.5±0.04b	19.6±0.12c	15.8±0.07c	9.5±0.08c	15.3	38.2
20~40	T1	7.0±0.17a	12.2±0.05b	15.2±0.11c	19.5±0.07c	21.7±0.05b	21.9±0.11a	16.9±0.09a	11.4±0.18a	15.7	33.7
	T2	6.6±0.09b	13.6±0.07a	16.8±0.06a	21.6±0.08a	22.1±0.04a	20.4±0.10c	16.6±0.06b	11.2±0.09ab	16.1	33.7
	T3	2.8±0.17d	10.1±0.13d	14.3±0.05d	18.5±0.08d	20.6±0.10d	20.8±0.06b	16.6±0.10b	11.1±0.07b	14.4	42.9
	T4	4.7±0.12c	10.7±0.10c	16.5±0.03b	20.7±0.06b	21.2±0.03c	20.0±0.12d	15.9±0.06c	10.1±0.05c	15.0	39.7
40~60	T1	6.0±0.12c	11.3±0.12c	14.6±0.10b	18.5±0.07c	20.9±0.06b	21.6±0.07a	17.2±0.08b	12.5±0.18a	15.3	34.5
	T2	7.5±0.16a	13.9±0.10a	16.1±0.05a	20.4±0.08a	21.4±0.04a	21.4±0.05b	17.4±0.05a	11.9±0.07c	16.3	30.6
	T3	1.7±0.23d	9.7±0.05d	14.0±0.06c	18.1±0.08d	20.3±0.09c	20.9±0.08c	17.0±0.06b	12.1±0.09b	14.2	44.9
	T4	7.0±0.19b	12.2±0.03b	16.1±0.02a	20.0±0.06b	20.8±0.04b	20.2±0.10d	16.4±0.05c	11.3±0.04d	15.5	32.0
0~60	T1	6.7±0.14a	11.8±0.04b	14.9±0.11c	19.1±0.07c	21.5±0.05a	21.8±0.10a	17.1±0.05a	10.9±0.07c	15.5	34.9
	T2	6.9±0.18a	13.8±0.07a	16.2±0.07a	20.9±0.09a	21.5±0.05a	20.1±0.08c	16.2±0.06c	11.9±0.08a	15.9	31.4
	T3	2.5±0.19c	9.8±0.07d	14.0±0.05d	18.1±0.08d	20.2±0.09c	20.7±0.05b	16.7±0.09b	11.6±0.19b	14.2	43.1
	T4	5.9±0.14b	11.7±0.10c	16.1±0.03b	20.2±0.06b	20.8±0.03b	19.9±0.11d	16.2±0.05c	10.8±0.05c	15.2	35.0
变异系数/%		35.98	13.23	6.72	6.57	3.90	4.66	4.39	11.19

表1

图1

表2

图2

图3

表3

表4

表5

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土层/cm	处理	土壤含水量/%								变异系数/%
土层/cm	处理	萌芽期	花前期	花后期	幼果期	果实膨大期	采收前	采收后	年均	变异系数/%
0~20	T1	11.6±0.31b	16.4±0.44bc	12.9±0.43b	12.8±1.65b	10.7±1.33b	10.1±3.27a	9.2±0.99b	12.0	18.4
	T2	12.7±2.92ab	15.6±0.39c	12.5±0.17b	13.7±0.28ab	13.1±0.40a	12.4±1.76a	12.3±1.85a	13.2	8.3
	T3	15.6±0.50a	20.0±0.44a	16.7±0.55a	15.0±0.17a	15.0±0.98a	12.9±3.06a	13.3±1.20a	15.5	14.1
	T4	13.8±0.23ab	17.0±0.73b	13.1±1.85b	15.1±0.61a	14.1±0.62a	14.0±1.07a	12.3±1.15a	14.2	9.8
20~40	T1	12.5±0.23b	17.7±0.62ab	12.3±4.34a	11.8±0.35b	10.9±0.54a	10.6±1.42b	10.4±1.24a	12.3	18.7
	T2	12.2±0.26b	16.4±0.39b	11.9±0.05a	12.2±0.19b	9.9±1.78a	14.0±0.66ab	11.3±1.32a	12.6	15.4
	T3	15.4±0.75a	18.3±1.30a	15.9±0.56a	10.9±0.16b	9.1±0.42a	15.2±2.69a	13.3±2.40a	14.0	20.9
	T4	12.5±0.38b	17.2±0.84ab	14.8±1.32a	13.9±1.29a	9.7±0.13a	14.6±1.39a	11.5±0.98a	13.4	16.9
40~60	T1	10.5±0.51c	17.9±0.06ab	9.7±0.22d	7.6±0.19d	10.4±2.11b	10.0±2.00a	10.5±0.43ab	10.9	27.5
	T2	16.0±0.61a	18.7±0.90a	13.7±0.31a	9.7±0.35c	8.5±0.25b	12.1±2.96a	9.1±1.22b	12.5	28.2
	T3	13.3±0.76b	17.1±0.21b	12.6±0.31b	11.0±1.07b	15.1±1.56a	15.0±3.41a	10.9±0.87ab	13.6	15.6
	T4	12.4±0.94b	17.9±0.16ab	11.4±0.53c	15.4±0.87a	9.9±0.81b	10.8±1.20a	11.5±0.58a	12.5	23.3
0~60	T1	11.5±0.96a	17.3±0.47a	11.6±1.70b	10.7±2.76a	10.7±2.48a	10.2±0.32b	11.8±1.39ab	11.7	21.7
	T2	13.6±1.24a	16.9±0.81a	12.7±0.79ab	11.9±1.70a	10.5±0.25a	12.8±2.01a	12.5±1.64a	12.8	16.6
	T3	14.7±2.07a	18.5±1.61a	15.1±0.93a	12.3±2.30a	13.1±2.30a	14.3±1.02a	10.0±0.72b	14.4	14.8
	T4	12.9±0.81a	17.4±1.46a	14.8±2.17ab	13.1±2.00a	11.2±3.44a	13.1±1.24a	10.9±0.46ab	13.4	16.3
变异系数/%		12.0	6.0	13.7	15.5	18.1	14.4	11.3	8.8

指标	X1	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6	X7	X8	X9	X10	X11	X12	X13	X14	X15
X1	1.000	-0.641	0.519	0.147	-0.101	-0.017	-0.114	0.098	-0.323	-0.115	-0.503	-0.333	-0.283	-0.181	-0.167
X2		1.000	-0.758	0.195	0.415	0.413	0.603	0.400	0.615	0.398	0.702	0.622	0.695	0.644	0.518
X3			1.000	-0.258	-0.590	-0.445	-0.640	-0.248	-0.476	-0.567	-0.602	-0.653	-0.551	-0.590	-0.652
X4				1.000	0.324	0.728	0.613	0.620	0.430	0.646	0.467	0.457	0.580	0.514	0.455
X5					1.000	0.755	0.834	0.293	0.196	0.591	0.563	0.767	0.645	0.829	0.884
X6						1.000	0.917	0.593	0.270	0.828	0.756	0.874	0.869	0.929	0.840
X7							1.000	0.604	0.478	0.715	0.742	0.867	0.848	0.929	0.883
X8								1.000	0.442	0.632	0.651	0.592	0.720	0.549	0.524
X9									1.000	0.092	0.319	0.260	0.325	0.309	0.182
X10										1.000	0.839	0.877	0.847	0.782	0.786
X11											1.000	0.924	0.933	0.821	0.747
X12												1.000	0.937	0.926	0.907
X13													1.000	0.914	0.845
X14														1.000	0.872
X15															1.000

指标	主成分
指标	第一主成分	第二主成分	第三主成分
土壤温度	0.053	-0.403	0.167
土壤含水率	-0.071	0.327	0.049
土壤pH	-0.028	-0.245	0.089
电导率	-0.059	-0.134	0.411
土壤有机质	0.213	-0.044	-0.213
土壤全氮	0.135	-0.123	0.061
土壤全磷	0.089	-0.010	0.068
土壤全钾	-0.073	-0.065	0.395
土壤全铁	-0.257	0.260	0.439
土壤碱解氮	0.143	-0.091	0.002
土壤速效磷	0.067	0.101	0.007
土壤速效钾	0.151	0.021	-0.088
土壤速效铁	0.084	0.019	0.057
土壤铵态氮	0.143	-0.013	-0.045
土壤硝态氮	0.193	-0.041	-0.138
特征值	9.512	63.414	63.414
贡献率/%	1.984	13.226	76.640
累积贡献率/%	1.319	8.795	85.435

土层/cm	处理	得分				排名
土层/cm	处理	第一主成分	第二主成分	第三主成分	综合	排名
0~20	T1	0.753	-0.192	0.047	0.608	4
	T2	0.980	-0.026	-0.109	0.845	2
	T3	0.860	0.313	0.016	1.189	1
	T4	0.298	0.210	0.167	0.675	3
20~40	T1	-0.166	-0.100	-0.002	-0.267	8
	T2	0.015	-0.103	-0.004	-0.091	6
	T3	0.242	0.174	-0.090	0.326	5
	T4	-0.402	0.088	0.139	-0.175	7
40~60	T1	-0.355	-0.129	-0.066	-0.551	9
	T2	-0.754	-0.073	0.031	-0.796	12
	T3	-0.878	0.179	-0.033	-0.731	11
	T4	-0.594	-0.035	-0.095	-0.724	10