夏季蒙古国西部地表水水质空间分布特征及评价

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.568

干旱区地理 ›› 2025, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 1783-1792.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.568 cstr: 32274.14.ALG2024568

夏季蒙古国西部地表水水质空间分布特征及评价

王思予¹^,²^,³(), 周宏飞¹^,²(), 闫英杰¹^,²^,³, 杨松¹^,²^,³, 苏媛¹^,²^,³

1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所，荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
2.中国科学院阜康荒漠生态实验站，新疆阜康 831505
3.中国科学院大学，北京 100049

收稿日期:2024-09-22 修回日期:2024-12-30 出版日期:2025-10-25 发布日期:2025-10-27
通讯作者: 周宏飞（1965-），男，研究员，主要从事水资源利用研究. E-mail: zhouhf@ms.xjb.ac.cn
作者简介:王思予（2000-），女，硕士研究生，主要从事水文水资源研究. E-mail: wangsiyu21064@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划——政府间国际科技创新合作项目(2022YFE0119400)

Spatial distribution characteristics and evaluation of surface water quality in western Mongolia in summer

WANG Siyu¹^,²^,³(), ZHOU Hongfei¹^,²(), YAN Yingjie¹^,²^,³, YANG Song¹^,²^,³, SU Yuan¹^,²^,³

1. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
2. Fukang National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Desert Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang 831505, Xinjiang, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2024-09-22 Revised:2024-12-30 Published:2025-10-25 Online:2025-10-27

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

河流和湖泊水资源是人类生存与发展不可或缺的物质基础，其保护与可持续利用已成为全球关注的焦点。以蒙古国西部河流和湖泊为研究对象，以2023年夏季实地考察为基础对该地区水质受污染的情况进行了解和评估。通过对该地区水化学指标、重金属和综合性指标的测量，运用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法和综合营养状态指数等方法，对研究地区水质的变化特征进行分析和评价，为该地区的生态环境保护和社会经济发展奠定基础。结果表明：（1）蒙古国西部的地表水水体呈碱性，不同指标具有空间差异，除了乌布苏湖、吉尔吉斯湖和科布多河下游，其余区域都符合世界、蒙古国和中国的相关水质标准。（2）水体的主要污染指标为高锰酸盐指数和氨氮，有机物含量超标的原因主要与放牧活动和人类生活污水的排放有关。（3）湖泊的营养状态存在显著空间差异，有严重富营养化区域，对于营养盐浓度较低的区域，富营养化风险较小，但仍需监控氮磷比变化。

关键词: 水质, 水污染指数, 空间变化, 蒙古国

Abstract:

The water resources of rivers and lakes are essential for human survival and development, and their protection and sustainable use have become a global priority. In this study, rivers and lakes in western Mongolia were investigated through field surveys conducted in the summer of 2023 to evaluate water quality contamination. By measuring chemical parameters, heavy metals, and comprehensive indicators, the spatiotemporal variation in water quality was analyzed using the single-factor evaluation method, the comprehensive pollution index method, and the comprehensive trophic status index. The aim was to provide a scientific basis for ecological protection and the region's sustainable socio-economic development. The results showed that: (1) Surface waters in western Mongolia were alkaline, with spatial variations in different indicators. Except for Uvs Lake, Kyrgyz Lake, and the lower reaches of the Khovd River, the remaining areas complied with relevant water quality standards of the world, Mongolia, and China. (2) The main pollution indicators were the permanganate index and ammonia nitrogen, with excessive organic matter primarily linked to grazing activities and domestic sewage discharge. (3) Significant spatial differences in lake trophic status were observed, with some lakes exhibiting severe eutrophication. Although areas with low nutrient concentrations presented a relatively small risk of eutrophication, continuous monitoring of nitrogen-phosphorus ratios remains necessary.

Key words: water quality, water pollution indices, spatial variation, Mongolia

王思予, 周宏飞, 闫英杰, 杨松, 苏媛. 夏季蒙古国西部地表水水质空间分布特征及评价[J]. 干旱区地理, 2025, 48(10): 1783-1792.

WANG Siyu, ZHOU Hongfei, YAN Yingjie, YANG Song, SU Yuan. Spatial distribution characteristics and evaluation of surface water quality in western Mongolia in summer[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(10): 1783-1792.

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编号	经度/°E	纬度/°N	采样点名称
K1	91.1625	46.1025	布尔干河
K2	93.4347	47.5772	德勒湖
K3	88.4059	49.0936	白河
K4	88.0147	49.1539	白河
K5	88.9003	49.2442	科布多河
Z3	97.3831	48.8906	台勒门湖
U1	92.0800	49.9792	台林河
Z1	93.7850	49.1744	吉尔吉斯湖
Z2	93.1150	49.3336	吉尔吉斯湖
U2	92.3867	50.1206	乌布苏湖
B1	91.3278	46.0867	布尔干河
C1	99.6725	48.1364	车尔亥察干湖
B2	91.5661	46.1625	布尔干河
B3	91.4100	46.3408	布尔干河
B4	91.3236	46.7700	布尔干河
K6	93.0094	48.0397	哈尔湖
K7	92.0222	47.8531	科布多河
K8	92.7414	48.3283	哈尔乌苏湖
K9	92.2206	48.3500	哈尔乌苏湖
K10	91.9036	48.2436	科布多河
C2	100.3179	48.0947	楚鲁特河
K11	88.4133	48.5981	霍顿湖
K12	89.9794	48.6367	托尔博湖
K13	89.9628	48.9758	博多河
K14	88.5478	48.5753	库尔干湖

统计指标	最大值	最小值	中位数	WHO 2011	中国GB 3838-2002	蒙古国MNS 4586:1998
DO/mg·L^-1	13.47	7.00	8.31	-	≥2	≥6
EC/μS·cm^-1	18900.00	21.80	188.30	-	-	-
pH	9.25	6.97	8.10	6.5~9.2	6~9	6.5~8.5
HCO₃^-/mg·L^-1	1793.99	24.41	109.84	-	-	-
Ca²⁺/mg·L^-1	54.11	6.01	14.03	-	-	-
Cl^-/mg·L^-1	4587.23	4.25	6.38	600	250	300
Mg²⁺/mg·L^-1	593.41	1.22	7.30	-	-	-

统计指标	最大值	最小值	中位数	中国 GB3838-2002	蒙古MNS 4586:1998
TP	0.16	-	-	0.4（湖、库0.2）	-
TN	3.65	0.13	0.44	湖、库2.0	-
COD_Mn	22.40	2.56	6.64	15	10
COD	67.20	-	-	40	-
BOD	24.18	-	-	10	-
NH₃-N	4.37	0.12	0.43	2.0	0.5

夏季蒙古国西部地表水水质空间分布特征及评价

Spatial distribution characteristics and evaluation of surface water quality in western Mongolia in summer

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