草地光伏系统生态适宜性的研究进展

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.780

干旱区地理 ›› 2025, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 1793-1803.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.780 cstr: 32274.14.ALG2024780

草地光伏系统生态适宜性的研究进展

陈春波¹^,²^,³(), 李刚勇³^,⁴(), 陈东波⁵, 赵炎³^,⁶, 彭建³^,⁴, 王玉刚¹, 李均力¹^,²^,³

1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所，荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室/干旱区生态安全与可持续发展重点实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
2.新疆遥感与地理信息系统应用重点实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
3.干旱区草地生态系统遥感监测实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830049
4.新疆维吾尔自治区草原总站，新疆乌鲁木齐 830049
5.四川省农业科学院生物技术核技术研究所，四川成都 610066
6.昌吉州林业和草原技术推广中心，新疆昌吉 831100

收稿日期:2024-12-23 修回日期:2025-01-06 出版日期:2025-10-25 发布日期:2025-10-27
通讯作者: 李刚勇（1983-），男，硕士，正高级工程师，主要从事天然草地智慧监测等方面的研究. E-mail: ligangyong1013@hotmail.com
作者简介:陈春波（1985-），男，博士，高级工程师，主要从事天然草地智能感知诊断等方面的研究. E-mail: ccb_8586@ms.xjb.ac.cn
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区重大科技计划专项(2024A03011-1);干旱区林草资源一体化监测与预警(E3500111);新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发项目(2024B03024-1);自治区林草科技任务(XJLCKJ-2025-10)

Research progress on the ecological suitability of grassland photovoltaic ecosystem

CHEN Chunbo¹^,²^,³(), LI Gangyong³^,⁴(), CHEN Dongbo⁵, ZHAO Yan³^,⁶, PENG Jian³^,⁴, WANG Yugang¹, LI Junli¹^,²^,³

1. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
2. Key Laboratory of GlS & RS Application Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
3. Joint Laboratory for Remote Sensing Observation of Grassland Ecosystem in Arid Area, Urumqi 830049, Xinjiang, China
4. Xinjiang Grassland Technical Promotion Station, Urumqi 830049, Xinjiang, China
5. Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China
6. Forestry and Grassland Technology Promotion Center of Changji Prefecture, Changji 831100, Xinjiang, China

Received:2024-12-23 Revised:2025-01-06 Published:2025-10-25 Online:2025-10-27

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

光伏太阳能发电正在以大规模集中式迅猛发展，有效减少了煤炭、石油等化石能源的消耗，为应对气候变化作出了重要贡献。以光伏太阳能发电站园区（简称“光伏园区”）为底座的草地光伏生态系统，旨在综合开发太阳能和系统保护草地生态，这是推动主体能源更替、实现碳达峰碳中和目标的迫切需要。针对草地光伏系统的生态适宜性，总结了国内外光伏园区的建设及其运营对局域（光伏组件前檐、板下、后檐、板间以及光伏园区外）微生境（陆面能量传输、近地表微气候与土壤理化性质）的影响，探究了光伏园区内生物群落（植物、动物与土壤微生物）对扰动生境的适应性演替与生物地球化学循环（碳循环）。结合绿色低碳、数智化与可持续发展的时代主题，分析了草地光伏系统在生态适宜性研究中的不足与未来发展方向，以期为“草地光伏+”绿色发展模式（如光伏产草、草光互补）与荒漠化综合防治的深入研究提供参考。

关键词: 草地光伏系统, 生态适宜性, 光伏治沙, 光伏产草, 草光互补模式, 光伏太阳能发电站园区

Abstract:

Photovoltaic (PV) solar power generation is experiencing rapid growth, particularly in large-scale centralized systems. This expansion helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels (coal, oil, etc.) and alleviates climate change pressures. Since 2009, global PV installations have increased by approximately 41% and are projected to grow nearly tenfold by 2040. In China, the area dedicated to PV parks expanded from 5.86 km² in 2010 to 2920 km² in 2020, reaching about 3712 km² by the end of 2022. Grassland photovoltaic ecosystems (GPVEs) established in these parks not only optimize solar energy use but also contribute to grassland conservation. Furthermore, they play an increasingly important role in mitigating climate warming and advancing carbon neutrality. This study examines the effects of large-scale PV parks on local microhabitats both within and outside the park boundaries. PV installations alter microhabitat factors, creating variation in conditions across the front, middle, beneath, and between PV arrays. Generally, such disturbances arise from changes in near-surface energy transmission and equilibrium, leading to modified microclimates, soil temperature, humidity, and physicochemical properties. The adaptability and succession of biological communities (including plants, animals, and soil microorganisms) were investigated in relation to these altered habitats, alongside changes in biogeochemical cycles. PV parks can enhance plant productivity, increase aboveground biomass, and improve vegetation coverage. Notable changes in plant density, species composition, and diversity are largely driven by shading effects. Animal communities show varying adaptability as the parks operate, while PV arrays provide shade for livestock, reducing air temperature and skin humidity, thereby lowering heat stress and thermoregulation costs. Soil microorganisms, essential for sustaining ecosystem services, are directly affected by terrestrial biogeochemical cycles, especially carbon cycling. PV development influences carbon and nitrogen storage in plants (aboveground and belowground) and soil, as well as greenhouse gas emissions. This work integrates themes of green low-carbon technology, digital intelligence, and sustainable development. It highlights the shortcomings and future development directions of GPVEs in an ecological suitability framework. The findings provide guidance for advancing the green development model of “grassland photovoltaics plus” (e.g., photovoltaic grass production and grass-light complementary systems) and for promoting integrated desertification control.

Key words: grassland photovoltaic ecosystem, ecological suitability, desertification control with photovoltaic, grass growing boosted by photovoltaic array, grassland photovoltaic complementary mode, photovoltaic solar power park (PV park)

陈春波, 李刚勇, 陈东波, 赵炎, 彭建, 王玉刚, 李均力. 草地光伏系统生态适宜性的研究进展[J]. 干旱区地理, 2025, 48(10): 1793-1803.

CHEN Chunbo, LI Gangyong, CHEN Dongbo, ZHAO Yan, PENG Jian, WANG Yugang, LI Junli. Research progress on the ecological suitability of grassland photovoltaic ecosystem[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(10): 1793-1803.

图/表 6

图1

表1

光伏园区扰动的微生境研究"

数据获取	时间跨度	方法	研究内容	研究区域
土壤、植被采样与温室气体测量	2021/05—2021/09	模拟、统计分析	忽视光伏阵列部署对温室气体排放的影响可能导致光伏发电对温室气体减排的贡献高估^[22]	中国吉林省Honghua光伏园区（44°18′52″N，123°57′27″E），面积10² hm²，装机规模40 MW，草甸草原
土壤、植被采样、微气候与温室气体测量	2013/07—2014/06	统计分析	光伏园区的微气候与植被管理对草地碳循环的影响^[23]	英国Westmill光伏园区（51°37′03″N， 01°38′45″W），面积1.21 hm²，装机规模5 MW，温性草甸
光伏园区内、外对照观测	2017/09/26—2018/07/11	数学分析与可视化	光伏电园区对近地表气温和能量平衡的影响^[25]	美国亚利桑那州Red Rock光伏园区（32°33′16.6″N，111°17′03.7″W），面积1.62×10² hm²，装机规模40 MW，荒漠类草地
站点观测	2020/06/01—2020/08/31	数学分析与可视化	夏季戈壁光伏电站地表能量通量特征对比研究^[26]	中国新疆五家渠光伏园区（44°24′23″N，87°39′23″E），装机规模70 MW，温性荒漠类草地
站点观测	2020/06/25—2020/11/29	数学分析与可视化	光伏园区对贫瘠地区气温、能量分配的影响^[27]	中国新疆五家渠市，面积1.15×10² hm²，装机规模70 MW，温性荒漠类草地
站点观测、植被采样	2019/06—2019/09	统计分析	光伏组件遮阴会延迟开花并增加旱地生态系统中授粉媒介^[28]	美国俄勒冈州光伏园区（42°24′N，122°50′W），装机规模10 MW
气温观测	2014/04—2015/03	统计分析	光伏热岛效应：更大的太阳能发电厂会增加局部温度^[30]	美国亚利桑那州光伏园区，荒漠类草地
土壤、植被采样，土壤水分测量与微气候观测	7 a	统计分析	植被恢复对光伏园区土壤理化性质的影响^[31]	美国科罗拉多州国家可再生能源实验室国家风能技术中心，装机规模1.1 MW，荒漠类草地
土壤采样	2016/03	土壤物理性质测量与统计分析	地中海气候光伏园区建设及其运营对土壤质量（理化性质）的影响^[32]	法国南部光伏园区（La Calade，Pouzols-Minervois与Roquefort des Corbières）
土壤采样	2019年8月中旬	样品化学性质测定与统计分析	光伏园区建设对青藏高原高寒荒漠草地土壤原核微生物群落的影响^[33]	中国青藏高原共和盆地塔拉滩（36°09′47″N，100°35′14″E），面积5.85×10² hm²，高寒荒漠类草地

表1

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表3

表4

表5

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数据获取	时间跨度	方法	研究内容	研究区域
植被采样	7月底	土壤DNA提取、测序与统计分析	光伏阵列改变了草地植物生物多样性^[6]	中国黑龙江光伏园区（46°10′11″N， 124°53′56″E），草甸草原
Landsat影像	2020年	机器学习	采用Landsat、随机森林和Google Earth Engine绘制中国光伏电站地图^[17]	中国
植被采样	2020年8月	数学分析与可视化	光伏阵列的微气候特征及其对园区植物生长特性的影响^[35]	中国青海省西宁市（31°40′~39°19′N， 89°35′~103°04′E），高寒草甸类草地
植被采样	2021年	景观统计分析	光伏组件遮阴对喀斯特地区植物群落结构的影响^[36]	中国云南省昆明市东川光伏园区（26°09′56″N，103°08′31″E）
MODIS影像	2010—2020年	时空趋势分析	利用MODIS卫星数据的光伏电站生态环境效应监测与评估^[37]	中国青海省共和光伏园区，高寒荒漠类草地
气象观测、刈割	2021—2022年	模拟放牧、对照实验	光伏园区草地生产力对放牧的适应性^[38]	美国科罗拉多州Jack光伏园区（40°07′18.9″N，105°07′49.9″W），荒漠类草地
植物采样、观测	2018—2022年	统计分析	光伏园区内花卉等植物的适应性研究^[39]	美国明尼苏达州Atwater光伏园区（面积1.4 hm²，装机规模4 MW）与Atwater光伏园区（面积1.7 hm²，装机规模5.5 MW）

数据获取	时间跨度	方法	研究内容	研究区域
昆虫采样、观测	2018—2022年	统计分析	昆虫群落在美国明尼苏达州光伏园区的适应性研究^[39]	美国明尼苏达州Atwater光伏园区（面积1.4 hm²，装机规模4 MW）与Atwater光伏园区（面积1.7 hm²，装机规模5.5 MW），温性草原类
气温观测、牲畜体温传感器测量	12:00—15:00	实验、时序分析	光伏组件对牲畜（养牛）小气候条件的影响^[41]	斯洛伐克，温性草原
气象站观测、牲畜体温记录仪测量	气象因子（每分钟采集）、牲畜体温（每5 min）	实验、统计分析	使用光伏阵列为荷斯坦小母牛遮阳^[42]	巴西，热带草原
牲畜行迹观测、气象站观测、牲畜体温测量	2018/04	实验、统计分析	光伏阵列作为牲畜的遮阳资源^[43]	巴西圣保罗州立大学，热带草原
气象站点观测、牲畜体温测量、牲畜行迹监测	连续10 d （08:00—17:00）	统计分析	光伏阵列的遮阳减轻了牲畜（羊）的热负荷^[44]	巴西圣保罗州立大学（21°15′17″S，48°19′20″W），热带草原
鸟类调查	2022/04/20—2022/06/10	数据标准化处理与统计分析	光伏园区对鸟类多样性的影响研究^[45]	斯洛伐克光伏园区（面积2 hm²，装机规模0.9 MW），温性草原
定点计数调查	2018/09/18—2018/11/01、2019/09/23—2019/11/01	统计分析	水生栖息地鸟类在美国南加州光伏园区的适应性研究^[46]	加利福尼亚州河滨县Solar Ranch光伏园区（装机规模250 MW）与Seville光伏园区（装机规模50 MW），温性草原

数据获取	时间跨度	方法	研究内容	研究区域
植被采样	7月底	土壤DNA提取、测序与统计分析	光伏阵列改变了草地土壤微生物多样性^[6]	中国黑龙江（46°10′11″N，124°53′56″E），草甸草原
土壤取样	2021年7、10月	土壤分析、节肢动物的提取和表征与统计分析	光伏园区草地能否发挥保护土壤节肢动物生物多样性的作用^[7]	意大利帕尔马
植被、土壤数据采集	2019年8月中旬	样品测定、DNA提取与统计分析	光伏园区建设对青藏高原高寒荒漠草地土壤原核微生物群落的影响^[33]	中国青藏高原共和盆地塔拉滩光伏园区（36°9′47″N，100°35′14″E），高寒荒漠类草地
植物群落调查与土壤采集	2021年8月上旬（生长季高峰期）	土壤化学特性分析、DNA生物信息分析与统计分析	光伏阵列对松嫩草地土壤细菌群落组成与多样性的影响^[52]	中国吉林长岭县宏华光伏园区（44°18′N，123°57′E），面积100 hm²，装机规模40 MW，草甸草原

草地光伏系统生态适宜性的研究进展

Research progress on the ecological suitability of grassland photovoltaic ecosystem

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数据获取	时间跨度	方法	研究内容	研究区域
植被、土壤采样	2022/08	统计分析	在退化草地部署光伏阵列是促进草地恢复和解决土地利用冲突的双赢策略^[12]	中国吉林Honghua光伏园区（44°18′52″N，123°57′27″E），面积100 hm²，装机规模40 MW
站点观测	2021/04/27—2021/09/06	模型模拟与统计分析	干旱区光伏阵列（组件）对陆地碳汇的影响研究^[53]	中国宁夏吴忠市光伏园区（37°25′30.17″N，106°03′27.58″E），装机规模200 MW
植被、土壤采样与温室气体测量	2021/05—2021/09	模拟、统计分析	忽视光伏阵列部署对温室气体排放的影响可能导致光伏发电对温室气体减排的贡献高估^[22]	中国吉林Honghua光伏园区（44°18′52″N，123°57′27″E），面积100 hm²，装机规模40 MW
植被、土壤采样，微气候与温室气体测量	2013/07—2014/06	统计分析	光伏园区的微气候与植被管理对草地碳循环的影响^[23]	英国Westmill光伏园区（51°37′03″N，01°38′45″W），面积12.1 hm²，装机规模5 MW
植被、土壤采样，土壤水分与微气候观测	7 a	统计分析	植被恢复对光伏园区土壤理化性质的影响^[31]	美国科罗拉多州国家可再生能源实验室国家风能技术中心，装机规模1.1 MW