干旱绿洲农业区村庄多功能特征与类型划分研究——以临泽县为例

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2021.274

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

村庄是最能直接体现乡村经济社会活动规律的单元,落实到村级层面的功能类型划分是分类推进乡村振兴的关键。以行政村为基本单元,采用熵权法、泰尔指数及优势功能模型,构建适用于村庄发展功能识别与类型划分的研究思路,并以西北干旱绿洲农业区临泽县为例进行实证研究。结果表明：干旱绿洲农业区总体形成以农产品生产和生态保育为主的国土空间格局,村庄形成农业种植、畜牧养殖、工业加工、商贸旅游、劳务输出、生活保障等多功能地域综合体,其中农产品生产和生活保障功能总体空间差异较小,而非农生产功能空间差异较大。村庄因资源禀赋、规划引导、政策驱动和社会需求差异形成不同的优势功能类型,空间上呈现“外围生态、沿河种植、中部农牧、临城劳务,文旅、商旅、生活保障以政府驻地及附近村庄为主”的分布规律,并形成非农生产功能镶嵌于农业生产功能之中、生产生活功能被生态保育功能包围的分布格局。通过自上而下主体功能统筹与自下而上经济社会需求相结合的方法进行村庄发展功能识别和类型划分具有较强的适用性和实践指导价值,在巩固国家主体功能定位、保障国家粮食和生态安全的同时,可以调整优化县域资源要素配置,实现村庄发展功能互补与功能协调。

关键词: 乡村振兴, 多功能类型, 地区差异, 村庄, 干旱绿洲, 临泽县

Abstract:

Village is the most direct unit to reflect the law of rural economic and social activities. The key to promoting rural revitalization is implementing functional classification at the village level. Taking the administrative village as the basic unit, using entropy weight method, their index, and advantage function model, this paper constructs a research idea suitable for identifying and dividing village development function. It considers Linze County, Gansu Province in the arid oasis agricultural region of northwest China as an example for empirical research. The results are as follows. The arid oasis agricultural area forms a spatial land pattern focusing on agricultural product production and ecological conservation. The villages form a multi-functional regional complex, such as agricultural planting, animal husbandry and breeding, industrial processing, business tourism, labor export, and life security. The overall spatial difference between agricultural product production and life security functions is small, whereas the spatial difference between nonagricultural production functions is large. Villages form different advantageous functional types due to differences in resource endowment, planning guidance, policy drive, and social needs. Spatially, they show the distribution law of “peripheral ecological conservation, planting on both sides of the Heihe River, animal husbandry and agriculture, and animal husbandry balance in the middle, labor preference for towns around the urban area, and government residence for agricultural tourism, business tourism, and comprehensive development”. Thus, forming a distribution pattern that focuses on agricultural production functions, inlays nonagricultural production functions, and surrounds the production and living functions with ecological conservation. Through the combination of top-down main function planning and bottom-up economic and social needs, the method of village development function identification and type division has strong applicability and practical guiding value. By consolidating the national main function orientation and ensuring the national food and ecological security, we can adjust and optimize the allocation of county resource elements to realize the complementary and coordinated functions of village development.

Key words: rural revitalization, functional type division, regional difference, village, arid oasis, Linze County

黄晶,薛东前,马蓓蓓,宋永永. 干旱绿洲农业区村庄多功能特征与类型划分研究——以临泽县为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(2): 606-617.

HUANG Jing,XUE Dongqian,MA Beibei,SONG Yongyong. Multi-functional characteristics and type division of county villages: A case of Linze County in arid oasis agricultural area[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(2): 606-617.

图/表 6

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表3

临泽县村镇类型包含地区及发展模式"

功能区	功能类型	包含地区	数量、面积占比	发展模式
农产品生产	种植主导型	临泽农场及马郡村、一工城村、五里墩村、壕洼村、新添村、蓼泉村、东柳村、西湾村、暖泉村、昭武村、张湾村、小鸭村、新民村、下营村	共14个村庄,占比19.72%; 共205.32 km²,占比7.52%	以玉米制种、瓜果、蔬菜种植为主,确保粮食和农产品安全
	畜牧主导型	临泽牛场及墩子村、唐湾村、明泉村、胜利村、西街村、富强村、大寨村	共7个村庄,占比9.86%;共56.39 km²,占比2.07%	以牛、羊、猪、家禽等养殖为主,确保肉类、奶类和蛋类安全
	农牧均衡型	三三村、三二村、贾家墩村、三一村、四坝村、下庄村、黄家堡村、西柳村、寨子村、湾子村、大鸭村、古寨村、曹庄村、小屯村、古城村、宣威村、新华村、白寨村、华强村、亢寨村、友好村、向前村、长庄村、新柳村、土桥村、倪家营村、黄家湾村、高庄村	共28个村庄,占比39.44%;共266.51 km²,占比9.76%	农业种植与畜牧养殖均衡发展,种植秸秆为畜牧养殖提供饲料,养殖粪便为农业种植提供肥料,形成循环经济产业链
非农生产	农文旅融合型	芦湾村、上庄村、五泉村、红沟村、汪家墩村、南台村	共6个村庄,占比8.45%;共60.01 km²,占比2.20%	以农耕文化园、乡土文化园、葡萄庄园、红色遗址和丹霞地貌等为主题,将农业发展、文化传承与旅游相结合,并推动商贸零售与批发、餐饮住宿等服务业发展
	工业加工型	化音村、兰堡村、五三村	共3个村庄,占比4.23%;共13.25 km²,占比0.49%	以特色农畜产品加工和凹凸棒石精深加工为主,未来可考虑城镇化
	劳务主导型	闸湾村、合强村、新丰村、西头号村、西关村、西寨村	共6个村庄,占比8.45%;共24.70 km²,占比0.90%	满足建筑工程、交通运输、商贸服务等非农生产需求,未来可考虑城镇化
生活保障	生活保障型	平川村、双泉村、板桥村、花园村、沙河村、东寨村、梨园村	共7个村庄,占比9.86%;共56.55 km²,占比2.07%	集农业生产、居住生活、社会保障等多功能于一体
生态保育	生态保育型	沙河林场、五泉林场、戈壁、荒漠及南部祁连山区和北部合黎山剥蚀残山区、中部黑河水系组成的国有土地	共2040.75 km²,占比74.75%	林地、水体、山区、戈壁、荒漠等生态环境保育与修复
产城融合	产城融合型	城区	共6.50 km²,占比0.24%	多功能综合体,以生产生活功能为主

表3

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一级功能区		二级功能类型	核心指标	指向
生产功能	农产品生产	农业种植	村庄耕地面积	正向
			村庄粮食产量	正向
			村庄种植业收入	正向
		畜牧养殖	村庄畜牧养殖总量	正向
		畜牧养殖	村庄畜牧养殖收入	正向
	非农生产	工业加工	村庄规模以上工业企业数	正向
		工业加工	村庄工业收入	正向
		商贸旅游	是否为旅游示范村、是否有旅游名号	正向
		商贸旅游	村庄50 m²以上大型商店数、餐饮零售收入	正向
		劳务输出	村庄外出务工人口占劳动力比例	正向
		劳务输出	村庄外出务工收入	正向
生活功能	生活保障	生活保障	村庄常住人口数	正向
			村庄人均可支配收入	正向
			村庄人均住房面积	正向
			村庄参加合作医疗保险和社会养老保险人数占常住人口比重	正向
生态功能	生态保育	生态保育	乡镇/村庄水域、草地、林地及其他未利用土地面积占乡镇面积/村域面积比重	正向

村庄发展功能		总泰尔指数	乡镇内泰尔指数	乡镇间泰尔指数
农产品生产	农业种植功能	0.156	0.113	0.043
农产品生产	畜牧养殖功能	0.158	0.091	0.067
非农生产	工业加工功能	0.976	0.255	0.721
	商贸旅游功能	0.936	0.623	0.313
	劳务输出功能	0.827	0.015	0.812
生活保障	生活保障功能	0.192	0.161	0.031