油莎豆（Cyperus esculentus）耕作区作物残茬对农田风蚀的影响

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.310

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus)是一种油料作物,其对土壤养分要求低,因此适合在我国北方风沙区推广种植,以调整农业种植结构。然而在采收过程中对土地的扰动,会潜在增加农田风蚀的风险,因此需要对油莎豆残茬的生态效益进行探究与评估。基于野外集沙实验和风速廓线测定实验,对油莎豆与梭梭间作未采收、油莎豆纯作留4垄采6垄和油莎豆纯作留6垄采6垄3种残茬类型的防风固沙能力进行了系统研究。结果表明：油莎豆与梭梭间作残茬类型中的输沙通量最低,总输沙通量显著小于其他2种模式（P<0.05）,并且空气动力学粗糙度（0.553 cm和1.156 cm）和摩阻速度（0.304和0.332）也最高。留4垄采6垄模式输沙通量随时间增加,甚至超过全采收模式,空气动力学粗糙度接近于0,且摩阻速度最低。留6垄采6垄模式输沙通量则介于前两者之间,空气动力学粗糙度为0.100 cm和0.137 cm,摩阻速度为0.240和0.272。总体而言,单一的宽条带式油莎豆残茬削减风速的作用不如高低穿插搭配的作物残茬。油莎豆种植可以考虑选择合适的采收间距及搭配合适的直立植物进行间作,以在油莎豆采收后漫长的休耕期进行留茬以减轻风蚀保护农田。休耕期合理的作物留茬是减轻土壤风蚀的关键措施之一,这对于干旱区农田的可持续发展具有重要的生态价值。

关键词: 油莎豆, 作物残茬, 输沙通量, 风沙流, 空气动力学粗糙度, 摩阻速度

Abstract:

In the context of global climate change and rapid economic development, agricultural planting structures must explore new methods of adapting to complex climate change. Traditional crops grown in Inner Mongolia, China are unable to meet the demand for scientific and ecologically friendly planting structures. Cyperus esculentus is drought resistant, barren resistant, saline-alkali resistant, and rich in oil, making it ideal for adjusting the agricultural planting structure in Inner Mongolia. Harvesting Cyperus esculentus, on the other hand, will disturb the land, and the risk of wind erosion is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of different crop residue types on farmland wind erosion in the Cyperus esculentus planting area as well as to provide a scientific foundation for wind erosion control in the Cyperus esculentus planting area. All crop residues were retained by intercropping 1 Haloxylon ammodendron row with 1 Cyperus esculentus ridge, “Retain 4 ridges and harvest 6 ridges”, or “Retain 6 ridges and harvest 6 ridges”. Additionally, the “all harvest” area was used as the control area. In each mode, two sand collectors with 16 channels were used. The sand collector was assembled 1.5 m behind the first belt and the seventh belt in “All retain” by intercropping, and arranged 4.5 m behind the first and second belts in the “Retain 4 ridges and harvest 6 ridges” and “Retain 6 ridges and harvest 6 ridges”. Simultaneously, a sand collector was installed in the “All harvest” area as the control. Wind speed was measured at various heights to better understand the characteristics of the nearsurface wind field of different stubble retention modes. The wind speed measurement sites were 2 m away from the sand collectors, and the height of wind speed measurement was divided into 5 cm, 25 cm, 50 cm, 100 cm, 150 cm, and 200 cm to draw wind profile and calculate aerodynamic roughness(z₀) and friction velocity(u*). The results showed that the sand flux at different heights in “All retain” by intercropping was the lowest of the three crop residue types, while z₀ (0.553 cm and 1.156 cm) and u* (0.304 and 0.332) were the highest. The sand flux of the “Retain 4 ridges and harvest 6 ridges” increased over time, even surpassing that of the “All harvest”, and z₀ was nearly 0 cm and u* was the lowest. The sand flux of “Retain 6 ridges and harvest 6 ridges” were less than “Retain 4 ridges and harvest 6 ridges”, but greater than that of “All retain” in intercropping, and z₀ was 0.100 cm and 0.137 cm, u* was 0.240 and 0.272, respectively. Generally, the effect of single wide strip Cyperus esculentus residue on reducing wind speed was not as good as the crop residue which was interspersed with high and low. It can be considered to select appropriate harvesting spacing and intercropping appropriate upright plants to retain residue in the long fallow period after harvesting to reduce wind erosion and protect farmland soil. This study concluded that retaining crop residue during the fallow period is one of the most important measures for reducing soil wind erosion, which has significant ecological value for the sustainable development of farmland in arid areas.

Key words: Cyperus esculentus, crop residues, sand flux, wind-sand flow, aerodynamic roughness, friction velocity

谭锦,吴秀芹,阮永健,张欢,冯梦馨,莎日娜. 油莎豆（Cyperus esculentus）耕作区作物残茬对农田风蚀的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(2): 546-556.

TAN Jin,WU Xiuqin,RUAN Yongjian,ZHANG Huan,FENG Mengxin,SHA Rina. Effects of crop residues on farmland wind erosion in Cyperus esculentus planting area[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(2): 546-556.

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残茬类型	调查时间（年-月-日）	平均高度/cm	盖度/%	平均带宽/m	平均带间距/m
间作留茬(油莎豆)	2020-10-10	37.5	14.01	0.7	2.5
	2020-11-15	25.1	13.72
	2020-12-26	21.8	13.29
	2021-03-03	16.7	9.88
间作留茬(梭梭)	2020-10-10	112.1	0.32	0.4	3.1
	2020-11-15	110.5	0.30
	2020-12-26	106.3	0.29
	2021-03-03	105.8	0.25
留4采6	2020-10-10	38.5	10.27	4.2	5.5
	2020-11-15	19.6	9.81
	2020-12-26	15.4	3.02
	2021-03-03	9.8	0.55
留6采6	2020-10-10	37.6	13.45	5.5	5.5
	2020-11-15	15.3	10.86
	2020-12-26	13.2	8.37
	2021-03-03	11.7	5.75

残茬类型	含水量/%	容重/g·cm^-3	有机质/g·kg^-1	<50 μm颗粒/%
全采收	1.64±0.49	1.49±0.02	3.46±0.29	25.65±0.67
间作留茬	1.90±0.28	1.59±0.01	4.35±0.43	16.09±0.38
留4采6	1.72±0.48	1.56±0.02	3.89±0.30	23.63±1.18
留6采6	1.85±0.53	1.55±0.01	4.07±0.35	19.53±0.63

日期（年-月-日）	平均风速/m·s^-1	主风向	集沙时长/h
2020-11-15	9.78	西偏北42°	23
2020-12-26	9.11	西偏北47°	23
2021-03-03	10.73	西偏北44°	22
2021-03-04	9.97	西偏北48°	21

日期（年-月-日）	平均风速/m·s^-1	残茬类型	编号	关系式	R²
2020-11-15	9.78	全采收	K	Q=1611.60e^-0.29^H	0.93
		间作未采收	J1	Q=0.10e^-0.23^H	0.85
		间作未采收	J2	Q=17.37H^-2.87	0.75
		留4采6	C1	Q=52.21e^-0.28^H	0.87
		留4采6	C2	Q=7992.80H^-4.32	0.89
		留6采6	L1	Q=150.84e^-0.20^H	0.83
		留6采6	L2	Q=211.71e^-0.26^H	0.91
2020-12-26	9.11	全采收	K	Q=32382.00H^-3.55	0.89
		间作未采收	J1	Q=-10.30e^-0.11^H	0.95
		间作未采收	J2	Q=1.95H^-0.87	0.82
		留4采6	C1	Q=3905.90H^-2.92	0.97
		留4采6	C2	Q=5926.30H^-2.98	0.93
		留6采6	L1	Q=489.340H^-1.90	0.87
		留6采6	L2	Q=558.92H^-2.42	0.90
2021-03-03	10.73	全采收	K	Q=7892.10e^-0.24^H	0.84
		间作未采收	J1	Q=618.15e^-0.28^H	0.84
		间作未采收	J2	Q=584553.00H^-0.54	0.78
		留4采6	C1	Q=28277.00e^-0.28^H	0.80
		留4采6	C2	Q=13257.00e^-0.24^H	0.84
		留6采6	L1	Q=4953.20e^-0.25^H	0.80
		留6采6	L2	Q=22121.00H^-2.35	0.99
2021-03-04	9.97	全采收	K	Q=175694.00H^-2.96	0.97
		间作未采收	J1	Q=113.91e^-0.29^H	0.82
		间作未采收	J2	Q=79159.00H^-5.07	0.80
		留4采6	C1	Q=197058.00H^-3.03	0.97
		留4采6	C2	Q=114033.00H^-2.53	0.97
		留6采6	L1	Q=1048.30e^-0.28^H	0.83
		留6采6	L2	Q=636.04e^-0.33^H	0.84

参数	K	J1	J2	C1	C2	L1	L2
空气动力学粗糙度/cm	0.005	0.553	1.156	0.003	0.001	0.100	0.137
摩阻速度/m·s^-1	0.192	0.304	0.332	0.172	0.160	0.240	0.272