渭河上游天水东段全新世古洪水水文学恢复研究

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过对渭河上游的野外考察,选取天水东段渭河花南村剖面的全新世古洪水滞流沉积物作为研究对象。采集古洪水滞流沉积物典型样品,进行粒度、磁化率、碳酸钙含量和烧失量等理化性质分析,并通过全新世地层对比研究与OSL测年断代,判定为全新世后期特大洪水的典型悬移质沉积物,确定其记录了1800~1600 a BP的特大古洪水事件。采用"厚度-含沙量关系法"确定了古洪水洪峰水位,利用HEC-RAS模型推出古洪水滞流沉积物所指示的洪峰流量介于11420~20100 m³·s^-1之间。同时采用相同的水文模型参数进行灵敏度测验,误差在-10.99%~8.79%之间。研究成果从根本上提高了渭河流域洪水频率计算的准确度,为该地区的水利工程建设、交通工程建设、水资源控制、防洪减灾等方面提供了重要依据。

关键词: 古洪水, 全新世, HEC-RAS模型, 渭河

Abstract: In this paper, palaeoflood hydrological investigations were carried out in the upper reaches of Weihe River which is a major tributary of the Yellow River and noted for the earliest cradles of Chinese civilization. Four bedsets of Holocene palaeoflood slackwater deposits were found interbedded within the cliff riverbanks at HNC profile of the river. During field investigations, palaeoflood SWD was identified by a variety of scientific sedimentological criteria including color, texture and structure of the extraordinary flood deposits; besides, the chronology, sedimentary features, and hydrological characteristics were also observed and recorded. Later in laboratory, characteristics of the particle-size distribution, magnetic susceptibility, percentage composition of calcium carbonate and loss on ignition were further analyzed. Results show that these four bedsets slackwater deposits recorded the extraordinary floods happened between 1800-1600 a BP on the river over the Holocene by using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating method in combination with pedostratigraphy correlations, checking by historical relics of the human from profiles. This indicates that the extraordinary floods happened during the dynasties of Eastern Han to Three Kingdoms in Chinese history, when grievous floods and droughts were caused by many years of price war according to the record of Historical documents. The estimated results indicated that the palaeoflood peak discharges were between 11420 m³·s^-1 and 20100 m³·s^-1 by using HEC-RAS model. Thirteen cross-sections were selected in one kilometer along the river reach, and the roughness values included three segments, channel, left riverbank and right riverbank. The sensitivity test on the model showed an error between -10.99% to 8.79% with the same hydrological parameters, which was much smaller than that by the slope-area methods. Relation between catchment area and the peak discharges indicates that the results were reasonable and scientific. Using the palaeoflood discharge data, gauged data and historical flood information, peak discharges-frequency curves of the Nanhechuan gauge station on Weihe River at 10000 year time scale were analyzed. This research improved the accuracy of the flood frequency calculation and prolonged flood data time series from decades to millennia in Weihe River. The results provided important basis for this region's hydraulic engineering construction, traffic engineering construction, water resource management, the flood control, and disaster mitigation project.

Key words: palaeoflood, Holocene, HEC-RAS model, hydrological reconstruction, Weihe River

中图分类号:

P531

石彬楠, 黄春长, 庞奖励, 查小春, 刘涛, 刘雯瑾. 渭河上游天水东段全新世古洪水水文学恢复研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2016, 39(3): 573-581.

SHI Bin-nan, HUANG Chun-chang, PANG Jiang-li, ZHA Xiaochun, LIU Tao, LIU Wen-jin. Hydrological reconstructions of the Holocene Palaeoflood in the Tianshui East Reach of the upper Weihe River[J]. , 2016, 39(3): 573-581.

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