蒙古野驴(Equus hemionus)昼间行为时间分配初探

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 于2007 年和2010 年采用焦点动物取样法研究了新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物保护区蒙古野驴昼间行为时间分配和活动节律，共采集行为数据460 h，观察蒙古野驴2 760 头次，将蒙古野驴昼间行为分为采食、移动、警戒、休息和“其他”5 类。采用卡方检验分析不同季节各种行为时间分配，结果表明：季节因素对蒙古野驴行为时间分配存在极显著影响（χ2=79.06，df=12，P<0.01）。采用ANOVA分析同季节不同行为间差异，结果表明，春季：移动、警戒、“其他”两两间无显著差异（[WTBX]P＞0.05），其余两两间差异显著（P＜0.05）；夏季：仅移动与“其他”间无显著差异（P＞0.05）；秋冬季：仅警戒与“其他”间无显著差异（P＞0.05）。对蒙古野驴昼间活动节律研究结果表明，蒙古野驴采食时间比例在春季各时段均较高（＞45%），仅中午（14:00～15:00）有1个低谷（27.62%），夏秋季则为晨昏采食模式，冬季采食峰值（87.85%）在中午时段（13:00～14:00）。休息和采食高峰在各季节交叉出现，呈现此消彼长的趋势。各季节移动主要发生在晨昏时段。蒙古野驴以特定的行为时间分配模式和活动节律适应环境条件季节性变化，如气候条件、食物资源、人为干扰、生理期、昼间长度、捕食风险等。

关键词: 蒙古野驴, 季节, 昼间行为, 时间分配, 活动节律

Abstract: The diurnal behaviors (including foraging, moving, vigilance, resting, and “others”)of Khulan ([WTBX]Equus hemionus[WTBZ]) were observed in the Kalamaili Mountain Nature Reserve in 2007 and 2010. The diurnal behavioral time budgets and activity rhythm were studied by focalsampling method. A total of 460 hours worth of data was collected. The paper used Chisquare tests to evaluate differences in the diurnal behaviors of in each season. The results indicated that all behaviors differed (χ2=79.06，df=12，P<0.01) across the four seasons. The proportion of feeding time of Khulan was highest in spring (66.77%) and lowest (46.26%) in summer, because of the food availability. In the Kalamaili Mountain Basin, plants started to grow in late spring because of low temperatures, and the wild animals and livestock grazed in autumn and winter of last year, consequently, food availability decreased during spring. In summer, the forage is abundant with good quality, and Stipa glareosa and Haloxylon ammondendron which are the primary food resources of Khulan are growing and nourishing. On the other hand, to avoid thermal stress, Khulan increased the proportion of resting time and decreased feeding time in summer and autumn. Additionally, it was observed that in summer Khulan reduced insect harassment in the field by “others” (including swinging tail, rolling in the mud, and scratching the skin). Further, summer is the rutting season of Khulan. Courtship, suckling and agonistic behaviors increase the time proportion of “others” activities. In addition, 2 000 herdsmen and 200 000 head of livestock stay in the reserve during winter. As a result of disturbance of cars and livestock, vigilance and moving were highest in winter. ANOVA was used to compare the difference of time budgets among seasons respectively. In spring moving and vigilance, moving and others, vigilance and others were not significantly different(P＞0.05), the rest combinations were extremely significant(P＜0.05). In summer moving and vigilance was not significantly different(P＞0.05), the rest combinations were significant(P＜0.05). Vigilance and others was not significantly different(P＞0.05) in autumn and winter, the rest combinations were significant(P＜0.05). Feeding spent the amount of time(＞50%), except at 14:00-15:00 when it was the peak of resting in spring. There was a peak of feeding at dawn and dusk when temperatures are cooler, and a peak of resting in midday when the temperature is highest in summer and autumn. The feeding peak was at 13:00-14:00 in winter. The moving peak was generally at dawn and dusk in all seasons. The Khulan adapted to seasonal change or to changes in physiological conditions with different behavior time budget patterns, for example: the weather, the food, the human disturbance, the life cycle, the temperature, the daylength, the predation risk and so on.

Key words: Khulan (Equus hemionus), season, diurnal behaviors, time budget, activity rhythm

中图分类号:

Q959.843

刘伟,，杨维康，黄怡，徐文轩,，林杰,，夏参军,，徐峰，David Blank. 蒙古野驴(Equus hemionus)昼间行为时间分配初探[J]. 干旱区地理, 2012, 35(04): 607-614.

LIU Wei,,YANG Weikang,HUANG Yi,XU Wenxuan,,LIN Jie,,XIA Canjun,，XU Feng，David BLANK. Diurnal time budgets and activity rhythm of the Khulan[J]. , 2012, 35(04): 607-614.

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