伊犁河上游河谷水库浮游动物分布及水环境特征——以恰甫其海为例

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.195

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究新疆伊犁河谷上游水库水环境质量状况,基于生物多样性指数、综合营养状态指数、冗余分析（RDA）等方法,于2019年6月（丰水期）、9月（平水期）和12月（枯水期）对恰甫其海水库浮游动物及水环境理化指标进行了调查分析。结果表明：（1）恰甫其海共检出浮游动物37种,其中原生动物17种,轮虫10种,枝角类4种,桡足类6种;优势种主要包括侠盗虫属（Strobilidium sp.）、匣壳虫属（Centropyxis sp.）、王氏似铃壳虫（Tintinnopsis wangi）、疣毛轮属（Synchaeta sp.）、广布多肢轮虫（Polyarthra vulgaris）,共5种;浮游动物丰水期、平水期和枯水期丰度分别为580.40 ind·L^-1、152.68 ind·L^-1、137.01 ind·L^-1,生物量分别为0.550 mg·L^-1、0.018 mg·L^-1、0.007 mg·L^-1,丰度和生物量最大值均出现在丰水期。（2）浮游动物多样性指数存在典型的时空分布特征,Shannon-Wiener指数（H′）和Margalef指数（D）在丰水期呈现由库尾向坝前增高的趋势,在平水期和枯水期以库中最高,H′和D均值分别为1.19和0.82。（3） RDA结果表明,水温（WT）、化学需氧量（COD_Mn）和营养盐浓度如总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、硝酸盐氮（ $NO_{3}^{-}-N$ ）、亚硝酸盐氮（ $NO_{2}^{-}-N$ ）、氨态氮（ $NO_{4}^{+}-N$ ）、正磷酸盐（ $PO_{4}^{3-}-P$ ）等是影响浮游动物群落结构变化的主要环境因子。综合生物多样性指数和综合营养状态指数结果表明,恰甫其海水质处于贫-中营养状态,水环境质量状况良好,可以作为鱼类越冬场、产卵场和索饵场。

关键词: 浮游动物, 分布特征, 综合营养状态指数, 冗余分析, 恰甫其海

Abstract:

To study the community structure of zooplankton and aquatic environment at Qapchy Lake, Xinjiang, China, a survey was conducted in July (abundant water period), September (level water period), and December (dry water period) in 2019. Biodiversity indices and comprehensive trophic level index method were used to analyze the aquatic environment state during different months. The redundancy analysis method was used to analyze the relationship between the structures of the zooplankton community and environmental factors. The results showed that: (1) Thirty-seven species of zooplankton were detected, including 17 species of protozoa, 10 species of rotifer, 4 species of Cladocera, and 6 species of Copepods. The community structure of zooplankton was dominated by Strobilidium sp., Centropyxis sp., Tintinnopsis wangi, Synchaeta sp., Polyarthra vulgaris, and Centropyxis sp. The abundance of zooplankton was 580.40 ind·L ^-1 during the abundant water period, 152.68 ind·L^-1 during the level water period, and 137.01 ind·L^-1 during the dry warer period. Zooplankton biomass was 0.550 mg·L^-1, 0.018 mg·L^-1, and 0.007 mg·L^-1 during the abundant water period, level water period, and dry water period, respectively. The maximum values of zooplankton abundance and biomass values appeared in the abundant water period. (2) The spatial and temporal distribution of the diversity index differed in each water period. In the abundant water period, $H'$ and D values showed an increasing trend from reservoir head to the dam. Conversely, in the level water and dry water periods, $H'$ and D values of zooplankton in the middle position of the reservoir showed the lowest values. $H'$ and D mean values of zooplankton in Qapchy Lake of three water periods were 1.19 and 0.82. (3) As the results of redundancy analysis showed, water temperature, chemical oxygen demand, and nutrient salt (including the concentration of TN, TP, $NO_{3}^{-}-N$ , $NO_{2}^{-}-N$ , $NO_{4}^{+}-N$ , $PO_{4}^{3-}-P$ ) were environmental factors influencing the change in zooplankton community. Water temperature was the main factor affecting the community structure of zooplankton in different water periods. Based on the results from the biodiversity and trophic state indices, the water environment of Qapchy Lake was oligotrophy or mild moderately eutrophication, meaning that the water environment in the reservoir of the upper Ili River was less disturbed by herding, cropping, and human activities. The relatively healthy water environment made a good habitat for freshwater fishes, which was suitable for them as wintering, swamping, and feeding ground.

Key words: zooplankton, distribution tendency, comprehensive trophic level index, redundancy analysis, Qapchy Lake

彭亮,茹辉军,陶玲,代梨梨,李谷,李荣,李晓莉,于洋. 伊犁河上游河谷水库浮游动物分布及水环境特征——以恰甫其海为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(2): 535-545.

PENG Liang,RU Huijun,TAO Ling,DAI Lili,LI Gu,LI Rong,LI Xiaoli,YU Yang. Zooplankton distribution and water environment characteristics in reservoir of upper Ili River Valley: A case study in Qapchy Lake[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(2): 535-545.

图/表 9

图1

表1

表2

表3

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图3

图4

图5

图6

浮游动物优势种丰度与环境因子的RDA分析结果注：WT为水温;pH为酸碱度;SD为透明度;DO为溶解氧;EC为电导率;TN为总氮;TP为总磷; $NO_{3}^{-}-N$ 为硝酸盐氮; $NO_{2}^{-}-N$ 为亚硝酸盐氮; $NH_{4}^{+}-N$ 为氨态氮; $PO_{4}^{3-}-P$ 为正磷酸盐;CODMn为化学需氧量;Chl a为叶绿素a。"

图6

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理化因子	丰水期	平水期	枯水期
水温（WT）/℃	21.46±0.61	19.70±1.01	1.87±0.12
酸碱度（pH）	8.14±0.10	8.29±0.23	8.09±0.20
电导率（EC）/mS·cm^-1	276.00±5.24	267.00±1.87	387.00±40.78
透明度（SD）/cm	72.00±20.49	82.00±17.89	93.33±5.77
溶解氧（DO）/mg·L^-1	8.16±0.05	8.64±0.12	12.57±0.14
总氮（TN）/mg·L^-1	0.909±0.114	0.972±0.488	1.233±0.251
硝酸盐氮（ $N O 3 -$ -N）/mg·L^-1	0.776±0.009	0.836±0.380	1.097±0.272
亚硝酸盐氮（ $N O 2 -$ -N）/mg·L^-1	0.017±0.004	0.005±0.002	0.002±0.001
氨态氮（ $N H 4 +$ -N）/mg·L^-1	0.034±0.011	0.014±0.005	0.017±0.006
总磷（TP）/mg·L^-1	0.012±0.005	0.005±0.002	0.011±0.005
正磷酸盐（ $P O 4 3 -$ -P）/mg·L^-1	0.002±0.002	0.002±0.002	0.002±0.001
化学需氧量（COD_Mn）/mg·L^-1	1.607±0.217	1.778±0.736	1.081±0.418
叶绿素a（Chl a）/μg·L^-1	1.132±0.967	2.871±1.327	0.927±0.148

物种		丰水期	平水期	枯水期
原生动物（Protozoa）	叉口砂壳虫（Difflugia gramen）		+
	乳突砂壳虫（Difflugia mammillaris）	+
	长圆砂壳虫（Difflugia oblonga）		+
	砂壳虫属（Difflugia sp.）			+
	坛状曲颈虫（Cyphoderia ampulla）		+
	裸口虫属（Holophrya sp.）	+	+
	长颈虫属（Dileptus sp.）	+	+
	斜管虫属（Chilodonella sp.）		+
	团睥睨虫（Askenasia volvox）	+	+
	钟虫属（Vorticella sp.）	+
	螅状独缩虫（Carchesium polypinum）		+
	累枝虫属（Epistylis sp.）	+
	侠盗虫属（Strobilidium sp.）	+	+
	王氏似铃壳虫（Tintinnopsis wangi）	+	+	+
	锥形似铃壳虫（Tintinnopsis conus）			+
	似铃壳虫属（Tintinnopsis sp.）			+
	匣壳虫属（Centropyxis sp.）	+	+
轮虫（Rotifera）	大肚须足轮虫（Euchlanis dilatata）	+
	螺形龟甲轮虫（Keratella cochlearis）	+
	腔轮属（Lecane sp.）		+
	前节晶囊轮虫（Asplachna priodonta）	+
	卵形无柄轮虫（Ascomorpha ovalis）		+
	暗小异尾轮虫（Trichocerca pusilla）		+
	疣毛轮属（Synchaeta sp.）	+	+
	广布多肢轮虫（Polyarthra vulgaris）	+	+
	胶鞘轮属（Collotheca sp.）		+
	轮虫未定种（Unidentified rotifer）		+
枝角类（Cladocera）	长额象鼻溞（Bosmina longirostris）	+
	小栉溞（Daphnia cristata）	+	+
	盔形溞（Daphnia galeata）	+	+	+
	长肢秀体溞（Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum）	+
桡足类（Copepoda）	无节幼体（Copepod nauplii）	+	+
	桡足幼体（Copepodid）	+	+
	如愿真剑水蚤（Eucyclops speratus）	+
	近方蒙镖水蚤（Mongolodiaptomus subquadratus）	+	+
	汤匙华哲水蚤（Sinocalanus dorrii）	+	+
	温剑水蚤属（Thermocyclops sp.）		+

物种	丰水期	平水期	枯水期	全年
侠盗虫属（Strobilidium sp.）	0.062	0.485	-	0.168
匣壳虫属（Centropyxis sp.）	0.188	0.123	-	0.133
王氏似铃壳虫（Tintinnopsis wangi）	-	-	0.963	0.030
疣毛轮属（Synchaeta sp.）	0.236	-	-	0.087
广布多肢轮虫（Polyarthra vulgaris）	0.320	-	-	0.114