风电场对草地土壤湿度的影响

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.04.24

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球不可再生能源的日益短缺使风力发电场的陆地覆盖面积空前扩大,风力发电机的运行已经开始改变局地气候和环境。土壤湿度的细微变化能反映出气候和环境的重大变化,因此判断风电场建成前后土壤湿度的变化对评价风电场对局地气候和环境的影响具有重要作用。针对目前存在的数据空间分辨率低、没有与建成前土壤湿度进行对比、缺少土壤实测数据、实测点状数据无法表达空间差异、极少有建成前土壤湿度实测数据等问题,以内蒙古灰腾梁地区的风电场为研究区,以风电场建成前（1984—2006年）、建成后（2009—2019年）的Landsat影像和实测土壤湿度数据为数据源,通过模型模拟和显著性检验的方法,判断风电场对草地土壤湿度的影响区域和影响程度。结果表明：（1）风电场会导致土壤湿度变化,但风电场内、上风向以及下风向土壤湿度的变化程度存在明显的差异;（2）风电场对下风向土壤湿度影响最为明显,下风向受影响的像元个数占下风向总像元个数的55%;（3）风电场对4月和8月土壤湿度的影响最为显著,风电场会降低草地的土壤湿度,加重牧草返青期和成熟期的干旱化。在风电场快速发展的背景下,研究结果期待为风电场的建设、探讨风电场对土壤湿度的影响、草原生态系统的可持续发展提供借鉴。

关键词: 风电场, 土壤湿度, 草地, 内蒙古灰腾梁地区

Abstract:

In recent years, wind farms have gained increasing attention in China. The global shortage of nonrenewable energy has led to an unprecedented and rapid expansion in the amount of land coverage allocated to wind farms, and by the end of 2019, China’s cumulative installed wind power capacity had reached 15.85×10⁶ kW. Although wind farms play an active role in improving the country’s energy structure, promoting environmental protection, and maintaining sustainable economic and social development, the environmental changes caused by wind farms have also caught the attention of researchers. Soil moisture, as one of the most important physical and chemical properties of soil, is one of the main parameters used in the fields of climate, hydrology, ecology, and agriculture. It plays an essential role in the exchange of water and energy between the surface and the atmosphere. Slight changes in soil moisture levels may reflect more significant changes in the climate or environment; thus, it is important to study any change of soil moisture levels after the construction of wind farms if the influence of a wind farm on its local climate and environment is to be evaluated. In this paper, the Huitengliang wind farm in Inner Mongolia, China is used as the study area. Forty-two Landsat remote sensing images (taken before and after the wind farm was built) and soil moisture data were used to construct a model that establishes the linear relationship between the modified perpendicular drought index of the remote sensing images and the measured levels of the soil moisture. The one-way ANOVA method was then used to judge the influence of the extents and variances of the wind farm on the soil moisture in grassland areas. Our results show that (1) the construction of a wind farm could lead to a change in the soil moisture, but there were significant differences in the range of these soil moisture changes in the upwind and downwind directions surrounding wind farms. (2) The most obvious influence on soil moisture was in the downwind direction from the wind farm. The number of pixels affected in the downwind direction accounted for 55% of the total number of pixels of the downwind direction. The least influence on soil moisture was seen in the upwind direction, and the number of pixels affected in this direction was 31% of the total pixels. (3) The wind farm had the most significant influence on soil moisture in April and August, which could reduce the soil moisture of the grassland area, thus aggravating the drought of the grass, in its reviving and maturing stages. The construction of wind farms is a human intervention on nature, and their construction should consider the protection of the ecological environment as the most basic criterion. Using remote sensing technology combined with the measured soil moisture data, through model simulation and a significance test, this paper discusses the influence of the extents and variances of the wind farm on the soil moisture in the grassland area to produce recommendations for the construction of wind farms to ensure that there are minimal effects on the soil moisture levels and the sustainable development of the grassland ecosystem.

Key words: windfarm, soil moisture, grasslands, Huitengliang area in Inner Mongolia

贾馨,李国庆,王刚,曹煜. 风电场对草地土壤湿度的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(4): 1125-1134.

JIA Xin,LI Guoqing,WANG Gang,CAO Yu. Effects of wind farms on soil moisture in grassland[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(4): 1125-1134.

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日期	成像时间/年-月-日
建成前	1984-04-17	1985-04-04	1992-04-23	1994-04-29	1995-04-16	1996-04-18	1998-04-08
	2001-04-16	1989-05-01	1989-05-17	1990-05-04	1996-05-04	1996-05-20	2003-05-24
	1987-07-31	1995-07-21	2000-07-18	1991-08-11	1992-08-29	1997-08-27	2004-08-14
建成后	2009-04-06	2011-04-12	2014-04-04	2016-04-09	2017-04-12	2017-04-28	2018-04-15
	2019-04-18	2013-05-03	2014-05-22	2015-05-25	2016-05-27	2017-05-30	2018-05-01
	2014-07-09	2017-07-17	2019-07-07	2009-08-12	2010-08-31	2011-08-02	2014-08-26

级别	全年	4月	5月	7月	8月
级别	上风向/下风向/ 风场内	上风向/下风向/ 风场内	上风向/下风向/ 风场内	上风向/下风向/ 风场内	上风向/下风向/ 风场内
0.00<P≤0.001	7/17/10	2/5/4	2/3/2	0/0/0	3/13/12
0.001<P≤0.01	9/18/15	5/14/14	4/6/4	1/2/1	16/29/36
0.01<P≤0.05	15/20/22	11/22/19	8/11/10	4/10/7	28/22/33
0.00<P≤0.05	31/55/47	18/41/37	14/20/16	5/12/8	47/64/81

土壤水分变化范围（d）/%	所占上风向草地面积百分比	所占下风向草地面积百分比	所占风场内草地面积百分比
d<-6	0.06	0.07	0.04
-6≤d<-3	0.84	7.96	7.73
-3≤d<0	72.40	77.89	89.25
0≤d<3	26.18	12.85	2.96
3≤d<6	0.51	1.14	0.02
d≥6	0.01	0.09	0.00