乌鲁木齐市城区大气PM2.5中水溶性离子组分特征及来源解析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.358

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究乌鲁木齐市大气环境中主要污染物PM_2.5的水溶性离子组分及其来源，2023年在城市中部布置采样点，通过膜采样的方式采集样品164个，按照相关测试标准测定PM_2.5的质量浓度及各水溶性离子组分浓度，并分析其来源。结果表明：（1）采暖期PM_2.5质量浓度及各离子组分浓度均大于非采暖期。（2）采暖期的离子总浓度是非采暖期的15.7倍，采（非）暖期离子总浓度分别占PM_2.5浓度的73.84%和26.26%，阴阳离子的比值（AE/CE）分别为0.914和0.600，说明PM_2.5化学性质呈碱性。（3）硫氧化率（SOR）和氮氧化率（NOR）的年均值分别为0.43±0.30和0.15±0.13，说明采暖期气态前体物SO₂和NO₂在外部气象条件影响下二次转化的几率较大； $\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$ 在采暖期主要以(NH₄)₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在，在非采暖期则以NH₄NO₃的形式存在。（4）主成分分析结果显示，采暖期污染物的主要来源于二次污染、工业生产和机动车尾气污染，其次为矿物粉尘和燃煤污染，累计贡献率达80.24%；非采暖期主要来源为扬尘和工业生产，其次为二次污染，最后为燃煤产生的污染，累计贡献率为86.34%。可以看出，不同时期PM_2.5中水溶性离子的来源存在较大的差异。

关键词: 大气污染, 离子浓度, 机动车尾气, 主成分分析

Abstract:

To investigate the water-soluble ion components and their sources in the major air pollutant PM_2.5 in atmospheric environment of Urumqi City, Xinjiang, China, sampling points were established in the city center in 2023. A total of 164 samples were collected using membrane sampling, and the mass concentration of PM_2.5 along with the concentration of various water-soluble ion components was measured following relevant testing standards. The sources of these components were also analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) The mass concentration of PM_2.5 and the concentration of ion components are higher during the heating period than that in the non-heating period. (2) The total ion concentration during the heating period is 15 times of the non-heating period, accounting for 73.84% and 26.26% of the PM_2.5 concentration, respectively. The anion-to-cation ratio (AE/CE) is 0.914 in the heating period and 0.600 in the non-heating period, indicating that the chemical properties of PM_2.5 tend to be alkaline. (3) The annual average sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) are 0.43±0.30 and 0.15±0.13, respectively, suggesting a higher probability of secondary transformation pollution of gaseous precursors SO₂ and NO₂ during the heating period due to external meteorological conditions. $\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$ primarily exists as (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄NO₃ during the heating period, whereas in the non-heating period, it mainly exists as NH₄NO₃. (4) Principal component analysis indicates that during the heating period, the main sources of pollutants are secondary pollution, industrial production, and vehicle exhaust, followed by mineral dust and coal combustion, with a cumulative contribution rate of 80.24%. In the non-heating period, the primary sources are dust and industrial production, followed by secondary pollution and coal combustion, with a cumulative contribution rate of 86.34%. These findings demonstrate significant differences in the sources of water-soluble ions in PM_2.5 between the heating and non-heating periods.

Key words: air pollution, ion concentration, vehicular exhaust emissions, principal component analysis

魏疆, 赵彩欣, 王国华, 赵丽莉. 乌鲁木齐市城区大气PM_2.5中水溶性离子组分特征及来源解析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2025, 48(4): 623-631.

WEI Jiang, ZHAO Caixin, WANG Guohua, ZHAO Lili. Characteristics and sources of water-soluble ion components in PM_2.5in the urban area of Urumqi City[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2025, 48(4): 623-631.

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项目	非采暖期		采暖期
项目	N	均值	N	均值
PM_2.5/μg·m^-3	61	19.11±7.02	103	106.67±75.26
SO₂/μg·m^-3	61	5.57±0.98	103	5.93±1.45
NO₂/μg·m^-3	61	22.53±7.67	103	51.97±19.84
F^-/μg·m^-3	61	0.06±0.05	103	0.54±0.43
Cl^-/μg·m^-3	61	0.35±0.52	103	3.63±2.53
$S O 4 2 -$ /μg·m^-3	61	1.42±0.79	103	24.00±19.30
$N O 3 -$ /μg·m^-3	61	0.93±1.05	103	25.80±21.10
Na⁺/μg·m^-3	61	0.11±0.06	103	0.64±0.41
$N H 4 +$ /μg·m^-3	61	0.73±0.52	103	17.00±13.60
K⁺/μg·m^-3	61	0.15±0.18	103	0.82±0.75
$M g 2 +$ /μg·m^-3	61	0.07±0.08	103	0.18±0.20
$C a 2 +$ /μg·m^-3	61	1.17±2.16	103	5.66±7.86
OC/μg·m^-3	61	3.10±0.87	103	5.23±2.42
EC/μg·m^-3	61	0.64±0.21	103	0.99±0.32
AE/CE	61	0.60±0.25	103	0.94±0.33
$N O 3 -$ / $S O 4 2 -$	61	0.59±0.42	103	1.17±0.52
SNA	61	3.08±0.79	103	66.80±18.00
SOR	61	0.14±0.07	103	0.61±0.24
NOR	61	0.03±0.03	103	0.22±0.11
总离子浓度/μg·m^-3	61	4.99±0.60	103	78.27±7.35

项目	采暖期		非采暖
项目	主成分1	主成分2	主成分1	主成分2	主成分3
SO₂	0.182	0.702	0.168	-0.141	0.740
NO₂	0.927	-0.173	0.162	0.758	-0.323
F^-	0.937	-0.165	0.899	-0.178	-0.049
Cl^-	0.954	-0.188	0.924	-0.281	-0.125
$S O 4 2 -$	0.960	-0.071	0.584	0.695	0.252
$N O 3 -$	0.893	-0.147	0.380	0.843	-0.010
Na⁺	0.864	-0.108	0.847	0.134	0.042
$N H 4 +$	0.966	-0.071	0.143	0.955	0.153
K⁺	0.890	0.162	0.933	-0.147	-0.149
$M g 2 +$	0.575	0.686	0.926	-0.260	-0.076
$C a 2 +$	0.519	0.643	0.818	-0.339	0.078
贡献率/%	68.94	11.30	48.53	27.56	10.25
来源	二次污染、工业生产和尾气	燃煤、矿物粉尘	扬尘、工业生产	二次污染	燃煤污染