萨吾尔山冰川现状及演化过程

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.112

干旱区地理 ›› 2024, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (8): 1277-1291.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.112

• 第三次新疆综合科学考察 • 上一篇下一篇

萨吾尔山冰川现状及演化过程

牟建新¹(), 李忠勤¹(), 王璞玉¹, 梁鹏斌²^,³, 王炎强⁴, 白昌彬⁵, 王芳龙¹

1.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院，冰冻圈科学与冻土工程重点实验室/阿尔泰山冰冻圈科学与可持续发展综合观测研究站，甘肃兰州 730000
2.青海理工学院生态与环境科学学院，青海西宁 810000
3.青海省高原气候变化及其生态环境效应重点实验室，青海西宁 810000
4.山西农业大学资源环境学院，山西太谷 030801
5.南宁师范大学，广西南宁 530001

收稿日期:2024-02-23 修回日期:2024-05-23 出版日期:2024-08-25 发布日期:2024-09-02
通讯作者: 李忠勤（1962-），男，研究员，主要从事冰川学研究. E-mail: lizq@lzb.ac.cn
作者简介:牟建新（1994-），男，工程师，主要从事冰川观测与遥感研究. E-mail: mujianxin@lzb.ac.cn
基金资助:
第三次新疆综合科学考察项目课题(2022xjkk07012);第三次新疆综合科学考察项目课题(2022xjkk0101);国家自然科学基金(42301166);国家自然科学基金(42371148);甘肃省自然科学基金(23JRRA658)

Glaciers in Saur Mountains: Current situation and evolutionary process

MU Jianxin¹(), LI Zhongqin¹(), WANG Puyu¹, LIANG Pengbin²^,³, WANG Yanqiang⁴, BAI Changbin⁵, WANG Fanglong¹

1. Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering/Altai Observation and Research Station of Cryospheric Science and Sustainable Development, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
2. Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qinghai Institute of Technology, Xining 810000, Qinghai, China
3. Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Climate Change and Corresponding Ecological and Environmental Effects, Xining 810000, Qinghai, China
4. College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
5. Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, Guangxi, China

Received:2024-02-23 Revised:2024-05-23 Published:2024-08-25 Online:2024-09-02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

萨吾尔山是中国西部14座冰川分布的山系之一，横跨中国和哈萨克斯坦两国，尽管冰川规模不大，但因二元政治主体割裂了科学研究的完整性，同时萨吾尔山冰川水资源对于新疆阿勒泰地区吉木乃县可持续发展具有重要意义，为此结合航摄地形图、Landsat及Sentinel卫星遥感影像，并参考已有冰川编目和Google Earth高分辨率历史图像等数据资料，在野外台站现场观测验证基础上对萨吾尔山冰川当前现状和过去30多年间的变化进行了详细研究。结果表明：（1）截止2022年，萨吾尔山共分布冰川31条，总面积11.47 km²，新疆吉木乃县境内的木斯岛冰川为最大规模冰川，面积2.95 km²，其余90%的冰川其面积不足1 km²。（2）过去30多年来，萨吾尔山冰川变化的总体趋势是冰川分裂、面积减小和末端后退持续增加。冰川数量从12条分裂成31条，1989—2022年冰川面积减少8.11 km²，退缩率达41.42%，冰川末端退缩11.30 m。气温升高、冰川反照率降低和冰川破碎程度加大是引起萨吾尔山冰川退缩的主要原因。（3）相较于我国其他13座高大山系，萨吾尔山在过去半个多世纪中冰川面积相对退缩幅度最大。未来在全球气候变暖背景下萨吾尔山冰川极大可能会基本消融殆尽，这对本就干旱贫水的吉木乃县可持续发展将产生重要影响，需提早统筹谋划以应对未来的水资源危机。

关键词: 冰川现状, 演化过程, 冰川变化, 萨吾尔山

Abstract:

The Saur Mountains, one of the 14 mountain ranges with glaciers in western China, span across China and Kazakhstan. Although the glaciers are relatively small, scientific research is challenged by the division between two political entities. The water resources from the Saur Mountains’ glaciers are crucial for the development of Jeminay County, Xinjiang, China. This study integrates aerial topographic maps, Landsat and Sentinel satellite remote sensing images, existing glacier inventories, Google Earth high-resolution historical images, and other data. Remote sensing observations were verified on-site, and a detailed study on the current status and historical evolution of the Saur Mountains’ glaciers over the past 30 years was conducted. The results indicate that: (1) As of 2022, there are 31 glaciers in the Saur Mountains, covering a total area of 11.47 km². The Muz Taw glacier, the largest in the range, is located in Jeminay County with an area of 2.95 km². The remaining 90% of glaciers are each less than 1 km², but collectively account for 54.55% of the total glacier area. The latitude height and lower altitude limit of glacier distribution in the Saur Mountains are second only to those in the Altay Mountains, making the Saur Mountains a typical high-latitude, low-altitude glacier distribution region in China. (2) Over the past 30 years, the glaciers in the Saur Mountains have experienced increased splitting, area shrinkage, and terminal retreat. The number of glaciers increased from 12 to 31, while the total glacier area decreased by 8.11 km², a retreat rate of 41.42%. During the same period, the length of each glacier retreated by 373 m, with an average annual retreat of 11.30 m. Rising temperatures, reduced glacier albedo, and increased glacier fragmentation are the primary reasons for this retreat. (3) Compared to the other 13 mountain ranges in western China, the Saur Mountains have experienced the largest relative retreat in glacier area over the past half-century. With global warming, the glaciers in the Saur Mountains are likely to completely melt, significantly impacting the sustainable development of Jeminay County, which is already dry and water-poor. Early planning is essential to address the impending water resource crisis in Jeminay County.

Key words: current status of glaciers, evolutionary process, glacier changes, Saur Mountains

牟建新, 李忠勤, 王璞玉, 梁鹏斌, 王炎强, 白昌彬, 王芳龙. 萨吾尔山冰川现状及演化过程[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(8): 1277-1291.

MU Jianxin, LI Zhongqin, WANG Puyu, LIANG Pengbin, WANG Yanqiang, BAI Changbin, WANG Fanglong. Glaciers in Saur Mountains: Current situation and evolutionary process[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(8): 1277-1291.

图/表 12

图1

表1

表2

图2

图3

表3

表4

表5

表6

表7

1989—2022年萨吾尔山冰川面积及长度分布"

范围	冰川编号						1989年		1998年		2006年		2016年		2022年
范围	冰川编号						面积/km²	长度/km	面积/km²	长度/km	面积/km²	长度/km	面积/km²	长度/km	面积/km²	长度/km
国内	1	1A	1A1				0.90	1.18	0.34	0.90	0.32	0.85	0.19	0.78	0.11	0.56
			1A2						0.01	0.06
			1A3						0.01	0.08
			1A4						0.02	0.26
			1A5						0.01	0.13
		1B	1B1	1B1a	1B1a1		3.18	2.39	2.54	2.23	2.23	2.15	1.55	1.90	1.09	1.70
					1B1a2										0.28	0.80
					1B1a3										0.06	0.30
				1B1b	1B1b1								0.46	0.98	0.27	0.80
				1B1b	1B1b2								0.46	0.98	0.04	0.26
			1B2						0.05	0.57
			1B3						0.13	0.79	0.12	0.60	0.05	0.43	0.10	0.51
			1B4						0.002	0.05
			1B5						0.003	0.07
	2	2A					1.12	2.09	1.09	2.07	1.05	2.04	0.88	1.77	0.92	1.80
		2B	2B1				4.65	3.62	4.30	3.43	0.67	1.60	0.59	1.38	0.59	1.40
			2B2		2B2a						3.34	3.32	3.13	3.20	2.95	3.10
			2B2		2B2b						3.34	3.32	3.13	3.20	0.08	0.45
		2C					0.50	1.26	0.45	1.23	0.40	1.22	0.37	1.22	0.35	1.10
国外	3	3A	3A1				3.72	2.62	3.42	2.58	3.14	2.39	3.08	2.32	0.98	1.95
			3A2												1.20	2.10
			3A3												0.32	1.30
			3A4												0.16	0.70
		3B											0.03	0.28	0.01	0.20
	4	4A					0.54	0.88	0.38	0.87	0.11	0.55	0.04	0.41	0.08	0.50
		4B		4B1		4B1a	0.54	1.01	0.31	0.92	0.30	0.85	0.1	0.69	0.11	0.67
						4B1b	0.54	1.01	0.31	0.92	0.30	0.85	0.1	0.69	0.03	0.26
				4B2					0.12	0.43	0.09	0.34	0.08	0.29	0.04	0.27
	5						0.68	1.44	0.59	1.35	0.53	1.18	0.43	1.17	0.36	1.01
	6	6A					0.26	0.98	0.18	0.71	0.05	0.34	0.05	0.33	0.07	0.38
		6B					0.23	0.72	0.20	0.70	0.16	0.53	0.14	0.47	0.11	0.44
		6C					0.03	0.16
		6D					0.03	0.27
		6E					0.08	0.42	0.04	0.27	0.03	0.14	0.02	0.12	0.02	0.12
	7						0.01	0.11	0.004	0.06
	8						0.38	1.23	0.33	1.16	0.29	1.09	0.25	1.05	0.22	1.02
	9	9A					0.91	1.38	0.75	1.29	0.14	0.63	0.14	0.62	0.09	0.50
	9	9B					0.91	1.38	0.75	1.29	0.44	1.22	0.44	1.20	0.30	0.98
	10						1.14	1.72	0.95	1.71	0.73	1.58	0.54	1.51	0.34	1.20
	11	11A					0.46	1.11	0.38	1.08	0.04	0.42	0.04	0.39
	11	11B					0.46	1.11	0.38	1.08	0.27	0.94	0.25	0.85	0.16	0.80
	12						0.22	0.65	0.17	0.58	0.14	0.57	0.04	0.32	0.03	0.30

表7

图4

表8

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ID	接收日期（年-月-日）	传感器	分辨率/m	轨道号
LT41440271989237XXX01	1989-08-25	TM	30	145/027
LT51450271998245BIK00	1998-09-02	TM	30	145/027
LT51450272006251IKR00	2006-09-08	TM	30	145/027
LC81450272016247LGN00	2016-09-03	OLI	30	145/027

ID	接收日期（年-月-日）	传感器	解译分辨率/m	影像用途
S2B_MSIL2A_20220725T051659_N0400_R062_T45TUN_20220725T080907	2022-07-25	MSI	10	主影像
S2A_MSIL2A_20220829T051701_N0400_R062_T45TUN_20220829T095801	2022-08-29	MSI	10	验证补充影像
S2B_MSIL2A_20220824T051649_N0400_R062_T45TUN_20220824T075837	2022-08-24	MSI	10	验证影像
L1C_T45TUN_A027973_20220715T051825	2022-07-15	MSI	10	解译辅影像

范围	冰川名称	经度/°E	纬度/°N	面积/km²	最低海拔/m	最高海拔/m	海拔跨度/m	平均海拔/m	中值海拔/m
中国境内	1A1	85.66	47.06	0.11	3271	3647	376	3420.90	3425
	1B1a1	85.63	47.06	1.09	3218	3783	565	3567.41	3546
	1B1a2	85.62	47.06	0.28	3248	3779	531	3635.20	3697
	1B1a3	85.62	47.06	0.06	3685	3766	81	3739.27	3745
	1B1b1	85.65	47.06	0.27	3290	3728	438	3487.64	3490
	1B1b2	85.64	47.06	0.04	3576	3724	148	3665.03	3671
	1B3	85.61	47.06	0.10	3275	3756	481	3516.53	3520
	2A	85.59	47.07	0.92	3128	3693	565	3506.20	3522
	2B1	85.58	47.05	0.59	3224	3780	556	3497.95	3483
	2B2a	85.56	47.06	2.95	3166	3827	661	3531.01	3544
	2B2b	85.55	47.06	0.08	3568	3758	190	3705.46	3718
	2C	85.55	47.07	0.35	3182	3700	518	3491.95	3494
哈萨克斯坦境内	3A1	85.54	47.06	0.98	3174	3712	538	3418.67	3418
	3A2	85.52	47.06	1.20	3051	3714	663	3506.64	3529
	3A3	85.51	47.06	0.32	3210	3646	436	3515.26	3557
	3A4	85.51	47.06	0.16	3421	3693	272	3613.99	3638
	3B	85.50	47.06	0.01	3426	3616	190	3521.53	3512
	4A	85.49	47.06	0.08	3178	3447	269	3271.90	3266
	4B1a	85.47	47.06	0.11	3275	3459	184	3364.50	3367
	4B1b	85.47	47.06	0.03	3536	3639	103	3591.43	3594
	4B2	85.48	47.06	0.04	3518	3657	139	3602.27	3610
	5	85.46	47.07	0.36	3206	3722	516	3568.88	3632
	6A	85.43	47.06	0.07	3251	3592	341	3399.24	3390
	6B	85.42	47.07	0.11	3347	3691	344	3562.03	3587
	6E	85.42	47.06	0.02	3464	3590	126	3544.19	3556
	8	85.41	47.06	0.22	3252	3634	382	3449.19	3440
	9A	85.40	47.05	0.09	3273	3434	161	3349.45	3352
	9B	85.39	47.05	0.30	3211	3454	243	3290.22	3287
	10	85.36	47.06	0.34	3163	3423	260	3289.50	3295
	11B	85.34	47.06	0.16	3329	3590	261	3494.12	3518
	12	85.32	47.05	0.03	3228	3431	203	3316.89	3310

年份	冰川面积/km²	冰川面积/km²
年份	冰川面积/km²	中国境内	哈萨克斯坦境内
1989	19.58	10.35	9.23
1998	16.779	8.955	7.824
2006	14.59	8.13	6.46
2016	12.89	7.22	5.67
2022	11.47	6.84	4.63

年份	冰川长度/km	冰川长度/km
年份	冰川长度/km	中国境内	哈萨克斯坦境内
1989	25.24	10.54	14.70
1998	23.14	9.86	13.28
2006	20.93	9.55	11.38
2016	19.31	8.87	10.44
2022	17.78	8.26	9.52

萨吾尔山冰川现状及演化过程

Glaciers in Saur Mountains: Current situation and evolutionary process

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年份	冰川数量/条	冰川数量/条
年份	冰川数量/条	中国境内	哈萨克斯坦境内
1984	12	2	10
1989	20	5	15
1998	27	13	14
2006	22	7	15
2016	24	8	16
2022	31	12	19

山脉	年份	面积变化/km²	年平均面积变化/km²∙a^-1	面积变化率/%	年平均面积变化率/%∙a^-1	资料来源
阿尔泰山	1960—2009	-104.61	-2.13	-36.91	-0.75	姚晓军等^[29]
萨吾尔山	1959—2006	-7.75	-0.16	-48.80	-1.04	本研究
天山	1959—2009	-1619.82	-32.40	-18.41	-0.37	邢武成等^[30]
喀喇昆仑山	1978—2015	-237.55	-6.42	-7.77	-0.21	许艾文^[31]
帕米尔高原	1963—2009	-248.70	-5.41	-10.80	-0.24	Zhang等^[32]
昆仑山	1970—2010	-95.06	-2.38	-13.60	-0.34	Bao等^[33]
阿尔金山	1973—2015	-58.78	-1.40	-16.80	-0.40	胡凡盛等^[34]
祁连山	1956—2010	-420.81	-7.79	-20.88	-0.39	Sun等^[35]
唐古拉山	1969—2015	-524.80	-11.41	-24.00	-0.52	Duan等^[36]
羌塘高原	1970—2000	- 90.12	-3.00	-4.35	-0.15	王利平等^[37]
冈底斯山	1970—2016	-854.05	-18.57	-39.53	-0.86	Liu等^[38]
喜马拉雅山	1990—2015	-2553.10	-102.12	-10.99	-0.44	冀琴等^[39]
念青唐古拉山	1980—2016	-1000.61	-27.79	-10.80	-0.30	邸宝刚^[40]
横断山	1973—2013	-278.57	-7.53	-41.81	-1.13	李霞^[41]

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