玛纳斯河流域水化学时空分异特征及成因解析

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.358

干旱区地理 ›› 2026, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (6): 1108-1121.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2025.358 cstr: 32274.14.ALG2025358

玛纳斯河流域水化学时空分异特征及成因解析

李勇¹^,²(), 张福初¹^,², 何新林¹^,²(), 李小龙¹^,², 宋维浩¹^,²

¹ 石河子大学水利建筑工程学院，新疆石河子 832003
² 寒旱区生态水利工程兵团重点实验室，新疆石河子 832003

收稿日期:2025-06-25 修回日期:2025-07-09 出版日期:2026-06-25 发布日期:2026-06-29
通讯作者: 何新林（1966-），男，博士，教授，主要从事水文水资源等方面的研究. E-mail: hexinlin2002@163.com
作者简介:李勇（2000-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事水文水资源等方面的研究. E-mail: 17834142416@163.com
基金资助:
第三次新疆综合科学考察(2021xjkk0804);兵团重点领域科技攻关项目(2023AB059);国家自然科学基金地区项目(52369012);兵团科技创新人才计划项目(2024DB049);石河子大学创新人才培育计划项目(CXPY202322);兵团研究生创新项目(BTYJXM-2024-S10)

Spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics and formation mechanisms of hydrochemistry in the Manas River Basin

LI Yong¹^,²(), ZHANG Fuchu¹^,², HE Xinlin¹^,²(), LI Xiaolong¹^,², SONG Weihao¹^,²

¹ College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
² Key Laboratory of Cold and Arid Regions Eco-Hydraulic Engineering of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China

Received:2025-06-25 Revised:2025-07-09 Published:2026-06-25 Online:2026-06-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地表-地下水化学特征的时期分异，能够揭示干旱农业区“自然本底-人类扰动”的耦合作用强度，为水系统演化机制提供动态解析窗口。为研究玛纳斯河流域水化学时空耦合分异特征及演化成因，于2024年4月（灌溉前期）、7月（灌溉中期）、10月（灌溉后期）采集地表地下水样品184组，运用Piper图、Gibbs图、反向地球模拟等方法，系统揭示低纬度山区、山前平原区、人工绿洲区、荒漠过渡带4个地质单元在灌溉周期内的水化学时空交互规律及驱动成因。结果表明：（1）水化学类型呈自低纬度山区的HCO₃-Ca·Mg型向荒漠过渡带的Cl·SO₄-Na型梯度空间分异规律，灌溉活动驱动人工绿洲区与荒漠过渡带2个典型区域经历三阶段盐化，由灌溉前期的HCO₃-Ca型演变为后期的Cl·SO₄-Na型等高盐水质的时间分异规律。（2）低纬度山区与山前平原区受水岩作用主导，人工绿洲区和荒漠过渡带受蒸发结晶和人类活动的共同影响，灌溉中、后期蒸发结晶作用增强，Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-主要来源于岩盐溶解和正向阳离子交换作用，Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、HCO₃^-主要来源于白云石和方解石溶解，SO₄^2-主要源于石膏的溶解。（3）水岩作用以白云石、方解石溶解及阳离子交换为主，岩盐和石膏贡献率有限且存在明显时间分异特征。通过多时空尺度下水化学分异特征与控制因素的协同解析，为干旱区地表-地下水系统的可持续管理及盐渍化防控提供科学依据。

关键词: 水化学演化, 灌溉驱动, 时空分异特征, 玛纳斯河流域

Abstract:

The periodic differentiation of chemical characteristics in surface and groundwater can reveal the extent of the interaction between natural conditions and human disturbance in arid agricultural regions, thus offering insights into the dynamics of water system evolution. To investigate the spatiotemporal coupling and differentiation of water chemistry in the Manas River Basin, we collected 184 surface and groundwater samples in April (pre-irrigation), July (mid-irrigation), and October (post-irrigation) of 2024. We employed Piper diagrams, Gibbs diagrams, and reverse geochemical modeling to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal interactions and driving factors of water chemistry across four geological units: The low-latitude mountainous area, piedmont plain area, artificial oasis area, and desert transition zone throughout the irrigation cycle. The results show that (1) Water chemistry types display a gradient spatial differentiation pattern, transitioning from the HCO₃-Ca·Mg type in the low-latitude mountainous area to the Cl·SO₄-Na type in the desert transition zone. Irrigation activities drive the artificial oasis and desert transition zones through three stages of salinization, evolving from the HCO₃-Ca type in the pre-irrigation period to the high-salinity Cl·SO₄-Na type in the post-irrigation period, following a temporal differentiation pattern. (2) In the low-latitude mountainous and piedmont plain areas, water chemistry is primarily influenced by water-rock interactions. By contrast, the artificial oasis area and desert transition zone are affected by both evaporation and crystallization processes, as well as human activities, which intensify during the mid- and post-irrigation periods. Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻ primarily originate from rock salt dissolution and cation exchange, whereas Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and HCO₃⁻ mainly derive from dolomite and calcite dissolution, with SO₄²⁻ primarily coming from gypsum dissolution. (3) Water-rock interactions are largely driven by dolomite and calcite dissolution and cation exchange, with minimal contributions from rock salt and gypsum, exhibiting distinct temporal differentiation characteristics. Through a comprehensive analysis of water chemistry differentiation and its controlling factors across multiple spatiotemporal scales, this study provides a scientific foundation for the sustainable management of surface and groundwater systems and for the prevention and control of salinization in arid regions.

Key words: water chemical evolution, irrigation-driven, spatiotemporal differentiation, Manas River Basin

李勇, 张福初, 何新林, 李小龙, 宋维浩. 玛纳斯河流域水化学时空分异特征及成因解析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2026, 49(6): 1108-1121.

LI Yong, ZHANG Fuchu, HE Xinlin, LI Xiaolong, SONG Weihao. Spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics and formation mechanisms of hydrochemistry in the Manas River Basin[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2026, 49(6): 1108-1121.

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项目		K⁺/mg·L^-1	Ca²⁺/mg·L^-1	Mg²⁺/mg·L^-1	Na⁺/mg·L^-1	Cl^-/mg·L^-1	SO₄^2-/mg·L^-1	HCO₃^-/mg·L^-1	NO₃^-/mg·L^-1	pH	TDS/mg·L^-1
最小值	地下水	0.57	3.88	0.49	2.17	0.52	0.00	69.72	0.00	7.59	102.00
最小值	地表水	0.13	17.23	0.81	3.16	0.08	14.80	47.22	0.00	6.82	87.00
最大值	地下水	5.73	113.68	48.68	357.86	1255.05	1590.56	477.17	30.15	9.17	2170.00
最大值	地表水	6.95	70.43	31.52	122.13	284.87	396.69	278.78	67.17	8.42	700.00
平均值	地下水	2.17	23.27	9.59	54.40	121.99	130.66	243.53	4.41	8.25	543.27
平均值	地表水	2.46	32.28	9.91	23.61	25.20	90.26	141.28	4.65	7.88	238.83
标准差	地下水	0.96	20.39	11.06	64.54	226.91	221.77	121.69	6.22	0.35	326.14
标准差	地表水	1.49	10.60	5.58	17.65	38.76	61.02	48.62	8.96	0.26	120.17
变异系数	地下水	0.44	0.88	1.15	1.19	1.86	1.70	0.50	1.41	0.04	0.60
变异系数	地表水	0.61	0.33	0.56	0.75	1.54	0.68	0.34	1.93	0.03	0.50

矿物项/mmol·L^-1	反向模拟路径
矿物项/mmol·L^-1	LLMR	PPR	AOZ	DTB
方解石	1.832×10	1.832×10	1.665×10²	-
白云石	1.860×10	2.775×10	1.110×10²	2.775×10
石膏	1.048×10^-4	3.686×10^-4	4.859×10^-3	7.549×10^-3
钠长石	-3.719×10	-3.719×10	-3.719×10	-3.719×10
钙长石	-4.607×10	-4.607×10	-4.607×10	-4.607×10
Ca-蒙脱石	5.551×10	5.551×10	5.551×10	5.551×10
岩盐	1.458×10^-3	4.006×10^-4	8.585×10^-3	8.930×10^-3
CaX₂	9.372×10⁰	9.159×10⁰	9.242×10⁰	9.158×10⁰
MgX₂	-1.859×10	-2.775×10	-1.110×10	-2.775×10
NaX	3.719×10	3.719×10	3.719×10	3.719×10
CO₂	-5.550×10	-5.551×10	-5.551×10	-5.551×10

矿物项/mmol·L^-1	反向模拟路径
矿物项/mmol·L^-1	LLMR前期-中期	LLMR中期-后期	AOZ前期-中期	AOZ中期-后期
方解石	1.832×10	1.830×10	-	-
白云石	1.860×10	1.860×10^-4	2.776×10	2.776×10
石膏	8.184×10^-4	7.138×10^-4	4.545×10^-3	5.512×10^-4
钠长石	-3.719×10	-3.719×10	-3.719×10	-3.719×10
钙长石	-4.607×10	-4.607×10	-4.607×10	-4.607×10
Ca-蒙脱石	5.551×10	5.551×10	5.551×10	5.551×10
岩盐	1.096×10^-3	9.149×10^-4	1.303×10^-3	5.415×10^-3
CaX₂	-	-	9.158×10⁰	9.157×10⁰
MgX₂	-1.859×10	-1.860×10	-2.775×10	-2.775×10
NaX	3.719×10	3.719×10	3.719×10	3.719×10
CO₂	-5.550×10	-5.550×10	-5.551×10	-5.551×10

玛纳斯河流域水化学时空分异特征及成因解析

Spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics and formation mechanisms of hydrochemistry in the Manas River Basin

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地貌单元			LLMR	PPR	AOZ	DTB
补给形式			脱节	地下水补给地表水	上游：地表水补给地下水下游：地下水补给地表水	地下水补给地表水
水化学类型	前期	地表水	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca、混合型	Cl-Na、混合型
	前期	地下水	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca	Cl-Na、HCO₃-Ca、混合型	Cl-Na、混合型
	中期	地表水	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca	混合型、HCO₃-Ca	混合型、Cl-Na、HCO₃-Ca
	中期	地下水	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca、Cl-Ca、混合型	混合型、Cl-Na、HCO₃-Ca	混合型、Cl-Na
	后期	地表水	HCO₃-Ca、Cl-Ca	HCO₃-Ca、混合型	Cl·SO₄-Na	Cl·SO₄-Na
	后期	地下水	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca、混合型	Cl·SO₄-Ca·Na	Cl·SO₄-Na

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