西安市高温闷热天气的气候特征及其环流形势

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 利用西安市1951-2013年63 a的日最高气温(T_max ≥ 35℃)资料,对高温日数的月、季、年际、年代际变化特征进行了分析,计算了1980-2013年闷热指数(THI),在此基础上定义了酷热日,比较了高温日数及酷热日数的变化特征和相互联系。结果表明:高温天气具有明显的年代际变化, 20世纪50、60年代高温日数较多,分别为24.7 d·a^-1, 26.5 d·a^-1, 70年代开始逐渐减少为21.8 d·a^-1, 80年代进入低谷期14.5 d·a^-1, 90年代开始增多为23.3 d·a^-1, 21世纪(2001-2013年)达到最多27.5 d·a^-1;高温天气出现的开始日期具有提前趋势,结束日期具有推后的趋势。酷热天气出现的频率明显少于高温天气出现的频率,高温天气出现在4~9月,酷热天气出现在6~9月,而高温酷热出现最多的月份是7月。当酷热日天气出现时, 87.5%的酷热日与高温日相对应,最高气温在32.4℃以上,相对湿度比较大。通过对高温及酷热天气的前10个个例环流形势的分析发现,酷热天气除与高温有关外还与副热带高压的西伸北抬带来的暖湿气流有关,中高层为下沉气流,低层为暖湿气流,形成高温高湿的闷热天气,而单纯的高温天气多与大陆高压或青藏高压的控制密切有关,以深厚的干暖下沉气流为主,天气以晴朗干燥天气为主。

关键词: 高温, 闷热, 对比分析, 环流形势

Abstract: To understanding the climatologic characteristics of hot days and weltering weather at Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China during recent decades, the paper analyzed the characteristics of monthly, seasonal, interannual and interdecadal changes of daily maximum temperature using the data of daily maximum temperature in Xi'an station from 1951 to 2013,, and the temperature-humidity index(THI)were calculated with the data of daily maximum temperature and daily minimum relative humid from 1980 to 2013, and an extremely hot day was defined as a day of THI more than 29.5 at the highest five level. With the comparison of hot day with extremely temperature-humidity, the results showed that there was a significant interdecadal variation of hot days, and there had about 24.7 d·a^-1 in 1950s and 26.5 d·a^-1 in 1960s, but in 1970s, the hot days was reduced to 21.8 d·a^-1 and 14.5 d·a^-1 in 1980s. In 1990s, the hot days were increased to 23.3 d·a^-1, and the number of hot days(27.5 d·a^-1) were at most from 2001 to 2013, and that the starting date of hot days was shifted forward and end date was delayed. The number of extremely hot days was significant less than that of hot days, and there were most extremely hot days in the July of a year, and that 87.5% of extremely hot days was related to hot days, which was with above 32.4℃ and high humid. Finally, the relationship between the extremely hot days and atmospheric circulation was studied. The result pointed out that the extremely hot days was significantly related to warm and humid current resulted from the westward and northward of subtropical high, and there was a sinking airflow in middle and high layer, and warm and humid current, hence there was a high humid and hot weather situation, a pure high temperature weather was related to continental high pressure and Tibet plateau high with warm downward flow, and which was dry and clear.

Key words: hot day, weltering weather, comparative analysis, Circulation situation

中图分类号:

P463.1

高红燕, 王丹, 卢珊, 杨艳超, 张宏芳, 杨新. 西安市高温闷热天气的气候特征及其环流形势[J]. 干旱区地理, 2015, 38(5): 912-919.

GAO Hong-yan, WANG Dan, LU Shan, YANG Yan-chao, ZHANG Hong-fang, YANG Xin. Climatologic characteristics and circulation situation of hot day and weltering weather at Xi'an City[J]. , 2015, 38(5): 912-919.

参考文献

[1] IPCC, 2013:Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovern-mental Panel on Climate Change[M]//STOCKER T F, QIN D, PLATTNER G-K, et al, eds. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA:Cambridge University Press, 1535.

[2] 张文娜,刘志辉,姚俊强,等.近121 a来土库曼斯坦气温变化特征[J].干旱区地理, 2013, 36(4):709-716.[ZHANG Wenna, LIU Zhihui, YAO Junqiang, et al. Air temperature change in Turkmenistan in recent 121 years[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2013, 36(4):709-716.]

[3] 李景林,张山清,普宗朝,等.近50 a新疆气温精细化时空变化分析[J].干旱区地理, 2013, 36(2):228-237.[LI Jinglin, ZHANG Shanqing, PU Zongchao, et al. Spatial-temporal variation of seasonal and annual air temperature in Xinjiang during 1961-2010[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2013, 36(2):228-237.]

[4] 张尚印,宋艳玲,张德宽,等.华北主要城市夏季高温气候特征及评估方法[J].地理学报, 2004, 59(3):383-390.[ZHANG Shangyin, SONG Yanling, ZHANG Dekuan, et al. The climatic characteristics of high temperature and assessment method in large cities of Northern China[J]. Acta Geographical Sinica, 2004, 59(3):383-390.]

[5] 王鹏祥,杨金虎.中国西北近45a来极端高温事件及其对区域性增暖的响应[J].中国沙漠, 2007, 27(4):649-655.[WANG Pengxiang, YANG Jinhu. Extreme high temperature events and response to regional warming in recent 45 years in northwest China[J]. Ournal of Desert Research, 2007, 27(4):649-655.]

[6] 史军,丁一汇,崔林丽.华东极端高温气候特征及成因分析[J].大气科学, 2009, 33(2):347-358.[SHI Jun, DING Yihui, CUI Linli. Climatic characteristics of extreme maximum temperature in east China and its causes[J]. Hinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2009, 3(2):347-358.]

[7] 王兴梅,张勃,王海军,等.石羊河流域近50 a最高最低气温变化分析[J].干旱区地理, 2010, 33(6):879-888.[WANG Xingmei, ZHANG Bo, WANG Haijun, et al. Maximum and minimum temperature changes in Shiyang River Basin in the last 50 years[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2010, 33(6):879-888.]

[8] 陈亚宁,杨青,罗毅,等.西北干旱区水资源问题研究思考[J].干旱区地理, 2012, 35(1):1-9.[CHEN Yaning, YANG Qing, LOU Yi, et al. Ponder on the issues of water resources in the arid region of northwest China[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2012, 35(1):1-9.]

[9] 冯静,张丽.深圳夏季高温湿热天气的气候特征及对大运会的影响[J].广东气象, 2010, 32(3):30-32.[FENG Jing, ZHANG Li. The climate characteristics of hot and humid weather and its impacts on University Games in Shenzhen[J]. Guangdong Meteorology, 2010, 32(3):30-22.]

[10] 郭洁,孙明,李国平.四川盆地夏季高温闷热特征及舒适度评价[J].环境与健康杂志, 2004, 25(1):45-47.[GUO Jie, SUN Ming, LI Guoping. Climatic Characteristics of high temperature and muggy and comfort degree assessment in summer in Sichuan Basin[J]. J Environ Health, 2004, 25(1):45-47.]

[11] 张天宇,程炳岩.重庆高温热浪指数和暖夜指数变化及情景预估[J].气象科技, 2010, 38(6):695-703.[ZHANG Tianyu, CHENG Bingyan. Variation and Scenario projection of heat wave index and warm night index in Chongqing[J]. Meteorological and Science and Technology, 2010, 38(6):695-703.]

[12] 高守亭,周玉淑,雷霆,等.北京城市夏季高温高湿天气过程分析及动力识别[J].中国科学D辑地球科学, 2005, 35(增刊I):107-136.[GAO Shouting, ZHOU Yushu, LEI Ting, et al. Analyses of hot and humid weather in Beijing City in summer and its dynamical identification[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2005, 35(Supplement I):107-136.]

[13] 曹春燕,江崟,张向明,等.深圳夏季高温天气气候特征与形势分析[J].气象科技, 2007, 35(2):191-197.[CAO Chunyan, JIANG Yin, ZHANG Xiangming, et al. Climatological features and weather patterns of summer high temperature in Shenzhen[J]. Meteorological and Science and Technology, 2007, 35(2):191-197.]

[14] 高红燕,蔡新玲,贺皓,等.西安城市化对气温变化趋势影响[J].地理学报, 2009, 64(9):1093-1102.[GAO Hongyan, CAI Xinling, HE Hao, et al. The Impact of urbanization on the surface temperature in Xi'an[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(9):1093-1102.]

[15] 王志英,潘安定.广州市夏季高温特点及其危害[J].气象研究与应用, 2008, 29(4):26-29.[WANG Zhian, PAN Anding. Characteristics and damages of summer high temperature in Guangzhou city[J]. Journal of Meteorological Research and Application, 2008.29(4):26-29.]

[16] 陈敏,耿福海,马雷鸣,等.近138年上海地区高温热浪事件分析[J].高原气象, 2013, 32(2):597-607.[CHEN Min, GENG Fuhai, MA Leiming, et al. Analyses on the heat wave events in Shanghai recent 138 year[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2013, 32(2):597-607.]

[17] 张志薇,王式功,尚可政,等.华中地区近50年高温事件及大气环流成因分析[J].兰州大学学报, 2011, (4):50-55.[ZHANG Zhiwei, WANG Shigong, SHANG Kezheng, et al. Analysis of the atmospheric circulation anomalies of large-scale extreme high temperature events over central China in recent 50 years[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences), 2011, (4):50-55.]

[18] 王迎春,葛国庆,陶祖钰.北京夏季高温闷热天气的气候特征和2008夏季奥运[J].气象, 2003, 29(1):23-27.[WANG Yingchun, GE Guoqing, TAO Zuyu. Clmatic characteristics of summer heat wave and sultry weather in Beijing City and 2008 Olympic Games[J]. Meteorology Monthly, 2003, 29(1):23-27.]

[19] 王喜全,龚晏邦."城市干岛"对北京夏季高温闷热天气的影响[J].科学通报, 2010, 55(11):1043-1047.[WANG Xiquan, GONG Yanbang. The impact of an urban dry island on the summer heat wave and sultry weather in Beijing City[J]. Chinese Sci Bull, 55(11):1043-1047.]

[20] 石振彬,董旭光,石兴旺,等.济南市近50 a高温天气的气候特征[J].气象与科学环境, 2007, 30(增刊):95-97.[SHI Zhen bin, DONG Xuguang, SHI Xingwang, et al. Climate characteris tic of high temperature weather in Jinan in recent 50 a[J]. Mete orological and Envi, 2007, 30(Supplement):95-97.]

[21] 孙燕,濮梅娟,张备.南京夏季高温日数异常的分析[J].气象科学, 2010, 30(2):279-284.[SUN Yan, PU Meijuan, ZHANG Bei, et al. Analysis of high temperature days anomaly in Nanjing[J]. Scientia Meteorologic Sinica, 2010, 30(2):279-284.]

[22] 张旭阳,宁海文,杜继稳,等.西安市热岛效应对夏季高温的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2010, 24(1):95-101.[ZHANG Xuyang, NING Haiwen, DU Jiweng, et al. The impact of urban heat island effect on high temperature in summer in Xi'an[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2010, 24(1):95-101.]