祁连山东段山地典型灌丛枯落物及土壤水源涵养功能研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.166

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探讨高寒地区灌丛枯落物层及土壤层的水源涵养功能,以祁连山东段6种典型灌丛的枯落物和土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内浸泡相结合的方法,对枯落物及土壤水文特征进行了研究。结果表明：（1） 6种灌丛枯落物的蓄积量范围为0.23~3.61 t·hm^-2,大小排序为山生柳>硬叶柳>绣线菊>金露梅>头花杜鹃>千里香杜鹃。（2）枯落物最大持水量范围为0.57~10.59 t·hm^-2,山生柳最大,千里香杜鹃最小;最大持水率变化范围为147.30%~293.28%,山生柳最大,绣线菊最小。（3） 6种灌丛枯落物的持水量（Y）与浸泡时间（t）符合对数函数关系：Y=klnt+b,R²>0.967;吸水速率（V）与浸泡时间（t）符合幂函数关系：V=Ktⁿ,R²>0.823。（4）最大拦蓄量和有效拦蓄量均为山生柳>硬叶柳>金露梅>绣线菊>千里香杜鹃>头花杜鹃。（5） 6种灌丛土壤容重范围为0.69~0.95 g·cm^-3,山生柳最大,千里香杜鹃最小;土壤总孔隙度范围为60.94%~68.75%,千里香杜鹃最大,绣线菊最小;土壤最大持水量范围为609.44~687.46 t·hm^-2,千里香杜鹃最大,绣线菊最小。（6）根据坐标综合评定法分析得出,山生柳灌丛的水源涵养功能最优。

关键词: 灌丛, 枯落物, 土壤, 水文特征, 高寒地区

Abstract:

The water conservation function of the Qilian Mountains plays a vital role in the social, economic, and ecological security of the northeast part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and even the whole Hexi Oasis. To investigate the water conservation function of the shrub litter layer and shrub soil layer in this area, to clarify the difference in water conservation effect of different shrub forests, and to provide theoretical guidance for the restoration and improvement of the water conservation function of shrubs and the vegetation construction in the Qilian Mountains’ alpine region. Taking litter and soil of six typical shrubs in the eastern part of Qilian Mountains as research objects, the hydrological characteristics of litter were studied by field investigation and indoor immersion, The cutting ring method was used to investigate the physical properties of soil, while the coordinate comprehensive evaluation method was used to assess the water conservation function of shrub litter and soil. The outcomes are as follows: (1) The accumulation of litter of the six shrubs ranged from 0.23-3.61 t·hm^-2, and the order of size was as follows: Salix oritrepha>Salix sclerophylla>Spiraea salicifolia>Potentilla fruticosa>Rhododendron capitatum>Rhododendron thymifolium. (2) The maximum water holding the capacity range of litter is 0.57-10.59 t·hm ^-2, with the largest S. oritrepha and the smallest R. thymifolium. The maximum water holding rate ranged from 147.30% to 293.28%, with the largest variation being S. oritrepha and the smallest S. salicifolia. (3) The water holding capacity (Y) and soaking time (t) of the six shrubs are in a logarithmic function relationship: Y=klnt+b, R ²>0.967, and the water absorption rate (V) and soaking time (t) is in a power function relationship: V=Ktⁿ, R²>0.823. (4) The maximum storage capacity and the effective storage capacity were all S. oritrepha>S. sclerophylla>as P. fruticosa>S. salicifolia>R. thymifolium>R. capitatum. The maximum, and effective interception rates were calculated as P. fruticosa>S. oritrepha>S. sclerophylla>S. salicifolia>R. thymifolium>R. capitatum. (5) The soil bulk density of the six types of shrubs ranges from 0.69-0.95 g·cm^-3, with S. oritrepha being the largest and R. thymifolium being the smallest. The total porosity of the soil ranges from 60.94%-68.75%. R. thymifolium is the largest, and S. salicifolia is the smallest. The maximum water holding capacity of the soil ranges from 609.44-687.46 t·hm^-2, R. thymifolium is the largest, and S. salicifolia is the smallest. (6) The litter layer and soil layer’s water conservation function S. oritrepha is the best according to the analysis of coordinate comprehensive evaluation method, next were the S. sclerophylla (0.7385), P. fruticosa (2.3471), S. salicifolia (2.5302), R. capitatum (3.2114) and R. thymifolium (3.4583). To summarize, we should strengthen shrub litter protection and supervision, take full advantage of the differences in hydrological functions between different shrub litter and soil, and appropriately increase the species of shrub litter S. oritrepha, and give full play to the function of a shrub to conserve water resources.

Key words: shrub, litter, soil, hydrological characteristics, alpine region

杨晓霞,赵锦梅,张雪,樊宇航,张斌,王婧楠,张碧艳. 祁连山东段山地典型灌丛枯落物及土壤水源涵养功能研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2022, 45(1): 197-207.

YANG Xiaoxia,ZHAO Jinmei,ZHANG Xue,FAN Yuhang,ZHANG Bin,WANG Jingnan,ZHANG Biyan. Litter and soil water conservation function of typical shrubs in eastern Qilian Mountains[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2022, 45(1): 197-207.

图/表 9

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

表2

图5

表3

灌丛土壤物理性质和水文特征"

灌丛类型	土层深度 /cm	容重 /g·cm^-3	非毛管孔隙 /%	毛管孔隙 /%	总孔隙 /%	最大持水量 /t·hm^-2	毛管持水量 /t·hm^-2	最小持水量 /t·hm^-2
山生柳	0~10	0.78±0.06Ca	6.34±0.90Aab	64.30±3.12Ab	70.64±3.65Ab	706.40±36.48Ab	642.96±31.18Ab	63.43±9.02Aab
	10~20	0.81±0.07Ca	4.29±1.46Bab	63.47±2.19Abcd	67.76±3.33Ab	677.57±33.33Ab	634.70±21.93Abcd	42.87±14.64Bab
	20~40	1.17±0.04Aa	2.63±0.33Bb	50.93±1.24Bb	53.56±1.46Bb	535.55±14.58Bb	509.29±12.39Bb	26.27±3.30Bb
	40~60	1.03±0.00Bab	3.55±0.68Bb	53.61±0.26Bab	57.16±0.94Ba	571.63±9.40Ba	536.13±2.60Bab	35.50±6.80Bb
	均值	0.95±0.03a	4.20±0.16a	58.08±0.17b	62.28±0.21b	622.79±2.09b	580.77±1.68b	42.02±1.65a
硬叶柳	0~10	0.79±0.02Da	5.65±1.95Aab	64.64±0.18Ab	70.28±1.92Ab	702.82±19.17Ab	646.35±1.76Ab	56.47±19.53Aab
	10~20	0.87±0.04Ca	6.06±1.70Aab	59.04±2.01Bd	65.10±1.65Bbc	651.05±16.52Bbc	590.41±20.10Bd	60.63±17.02Aab
	20~40	1.10±0.06Ab	3.73±0.73Aa	51.39±2.33Cb	55.12±1.64Cb	551.16±16.41Db	513.90±23.26Cb	37.27±7.34Aa
	40~60	0.99±0.02Bbc	5.39±1.65Aab	53.45±0.79Cab	58.84±2.44Ca	588.42±24.42Ca	534.52±7.92Cab	53.90±16.50Aab
	均值	0.94±0.02a	5.21±1.10a	57.13±1.20b	62.34±1.31b	623.36±13.07b	571.30±12.00b	52.07±10.99a
绣线菊	0~10	0.78±0.15Ca	5.90±2.42Aab	65.90±2.53Ab	71.80±4.30Ab	718.00±43.02Ab	658.97±25.31Ab	59.03±24.23Aab
	10~20	0.86±0.06BCa	3.21±0.32Bb	60.50±0.50Bcd	63.71±0.56Bc	637.14±5.63Bc	605.04±5.02Bcd	32.10±3.21Bb
	20~40	1.07±0.01Ab	3.11±0.27Bab	49.63±0.47Cb	52.74±0.20Cb	527.39±2.00Cb	496.34±4.75Cb	31.05±2.75Bab
	40~60	0.96±0.00ABc	7.53±0.13Aa	47.99±1.19Cc	55.52±1.32Ca	555.21±13.23Ca	479.91±11.93Cc	75.30±1.30Aa
	均值	0.92±0.05a	4.94±0.46a	56.01±0.50b	60.94±0.78b	609.44±7.81b	560.07±5.02b	49.37±4.63a
头花杜鹃	0~10	0.48±0.03Db	5.81±0.23ABab	73.11±0.79Aa	78.92±1.02Aa	789.16±10.20Aa	731.06±7.90Aa	58.10±2.30ABab
	10~20	0.65±0.09Cb	4.78±0.79ABab	68.32±2.50Aab	73.10±1.71Aa	731.05±17.14Aa	683.25±25.02Aab	47.80±7.90ABab
	20~40	0.84±0.02Bd	3.47±0.07Bab	61.31±5.13a	64.77±5.07Ba	647.72±50.68Ba	613.07±51.33Ba	34.65±0.65Bab
	40~60	1.05±0.05Aa	6.74±2.46Aa	50.89±3.02Cb	57.64±5.48Ba	576.38±54.84Ba	508.93±30.19Cb	67.45±24.65Aa
	均值	0.76±0.00c	5.20±0.89a	63.41±0.96a	68.61±0.07a	686.08±0.69a	634.08±9.56a	52.00±8.87a
千里香杜鹃	0~10	0.53±0.02Cb	7.51±1.06Aa	66.53±2.58Bb	74.03±1.52Aab	740.31±15.19Aab	665.26±25.84Bb	75.05±10.65Aa
	10~20	0.54±0.06Cb	5.04±0.12Bab	70.76±1.95Aa	75.80±2.07Aa	757.98±20.70Aa	707.63±19.55Aa	50.35±1.15Bab
	20~40	0.72±0.01Be	3.35±0.25Cab	65.19±1.82Ba	68.53±2.07Ba	685.32±20.66Ba	651.87±18.21Ba	33.45±2.45Cab
	40~60	0.98±0.01Ac	3.05±0.55Cb	53.57±1.12Cab	56.62±0.58Ca	566.23±5.75Ca	535.68±11.20Cab	30.55±5.45Cb
	均值	0.69±0.02d	4.74±0.49a	64.01±0.02a	68.75±0.51a	687.46±5.10a	640.11±0.21a	47.35±4.93a
金露梅	0~10	0.68±0.04Ca	4.22±0.15Bb	68.75±2.93Ab	72.97±3.08Ab	729.68±30.80Ab	687.53±29.35Ab	42.15±1.45Bb
	10~20	0.79±0.09Ba	7.11±2.80Aa	65.39±5.18Abc	72.49±2.37Aa	724.93±23.73Aa	653.88±51.78Abc	71.05±28.05Aa
	20~40	0.95±0.04Ac	2.94±0.81Bab	61.28±5.28ABa	64.23±4.46Ba	642.29±44.64Ba	612.84±52.79ABa	29.45±8.15Bab
	40~60	1.03±0.01Aab	3.08±0.26Bb	53.88±0.18Ba	56.96±0.44Ca	569.60±4.44Ca	538.80±1.84Ba	30.80±2.60Bb
	均值	0.86±0.01b	4.34±0.93a	62.33±3.30a	66.66±2.37a	666.62±23.68a	623.26±33.02a	43.36±9.34a

表3

表4

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灌丛类型	经度/E	纬度/N	坡向	海拔/m	坡度/(°)	平均冠幅/cm	平均树高/cm	平均基径/mm	平均株数/株	枯落物厚度/cm
山生柳	102°57′	37°25′	阳坡	3237.70~3241.36	6	172.81	127.91	12.02	57	3.33
硬叶柳	102°57′	37°25′	阳坡	3237.70~3241.36	6	119.17	86.20	7.65	60	2.00
绣线菊	102°57′	37°25′	阳坡	3237.70~3241.36	6	69.38	69.31	6.06	21	0.70
头花杜鹃	102°56′	37°24′	阴坡	3231.21~3232.61	16	61.94	60.62	5.94	46	0.75
千里香杜鹃	102°56′	37°24′	阴坡	3231.21~3232.61	16	55.00	56.33	5.66	47	0.40
金露梅	102°57′	37°25′	阴坡	3231.21~3232.61	16	83.90	63.00	4.32	43	1.10

灌丛类型	持水量与浸水时间		吸水速率与浸水时间
灌丛类型	拟合方程	决定系数（R²）	拟合方程	决定系数（R²）
山生柳	Y=371.603lnt+1894.645	0.971^**	V=880.144t^-1.437	0.920^**
硬叶柳	Y=358.237lnt+1813.809	0.980^**	V=815.394t^-1.393	0.977^**
绣线菊	Y=252.702lnt+1433.572	0.976^**	V=609.293t^-1.485	0.956^**
头花杜鹃	Y=396.161lnt+966.609	0.967^**	V=520.498t^-0.997	0.853^**
千里香杜鹃	Y=354.133lnt+1438.919	0.981^**	V=585.315t^-1.270	0.823^**
金露梅	Y=374.327lnt+1532.965	0.982^**	V=687.293t^-1.257	0.906^**

灌丛类型	枯落物厚度		枯落物蓄积量		枯落物最大持水量		枯落物有效拦蓄量		土壤蓄水能力		综合能力
灌丛类型	P₁²	序次	P₂²	序次	P₃²	序次	P₄²	序次	P₅²	序次	∑P_i ²	序次
山生柳	0.0000	1	0.0000	1	0.0000	1	0.0000	1	0.0376	6	0.0376	1
硬叶柳	0.1595	2	0.1796	2	0.1987	2	0.2007	2	0.0000	1	0.7385	2
绣线菊	0.6238	5	0.5930	3	0.6952	4	0.6154	4	0.0027	3	2.5302	4
头花杜鹃	0.6003	4	0.8105	5	0.8529	5	0.9478	6	0.000003	2	3.2114	5
千里香杜鹃	0.7742	6	0.8766	6	0.8952	6	0.9041	5	0.0081	4	3.4583	6
金露梅	0.4485	3	0.6320	4	0.6641	3	0.5746	3	0.0279	5	2.3471	3