干旱区耕地质量等级评价及土壤养分与盐渍化的分析研究——以民勤绿洲为例

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.02.22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为整体掌握民勤绿洲耕地质量、土壤养分以及盐渍化状况等,充分利用县域耕地资源,分析研究民勤绿洲耕地质量等级划分及其耕地土壤养分和盐渍化现状,为及时准确掌握绿洲耕地地力状况提供科学依据,同时为绿洲耕地土壤养分、盐渍化障碍提供改良措施。基于农业农村部《耕地质量调查监测与评价办法》（农业部2016年第2号）和《耕地质量等级》国家标准（GB/T33469-2016）的相关要求,构建民勤绿洲县域评价体系,通过综合运用空间分析、模糊数学、层次分析和综合指数等方法,对民勤绿洲耕地质量等级进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）民勤绿洲耕地质量平均等级为3.26等;分布有一至七等级地,八、九、十等级地没有分布;以三、四等级地为民勤绿洲耕地的主要等级分布,面积占比分别为31.63%、28.27%。泉山区中部和坝区灌溉农业区多分布一、二等级地。湖区灌溉区多分布三、四等地。在绿洲边缘带较多分布五、六、七等地。（2）民勤绿洲耕地土壤有机质平均含量在10.00~15.00 g·kg^-1之间,全氮平均含量在0.50~1.00 g·kg^-1之间,总体处于较低水平。有效磷和速效钾总体处于中等水平。昌宁区、泉山区与坝区交界东北部以及湖区镇（昌宁镇、东湖镇、南湖镇、泉山镇、西渠镇）耕地土壤养分平均含量较均低。（3）民勤绿洲盐渍化耕地的面积为32240.36 hm²,占民勤绿洲耕地总面积的30.09%;主要以轻度盐渍化为主。轻度盐渍化多分布在湖区红沙岗镇、红沙梁镇、西渠镇等镇;中度盐渍化分布在昌宁镇以及环河区沿风沙线一带。其评价结果对民勤绿洲耕地资源的科学管理和可持续利用以及绿洲农业的发展具有重要意义。

关键词: 耕地质量等级评价, 层次分析法, 县域耕地资源管理信息系统, 民勤绿洲

Abstract:

The Minqin area, Gansu Province, China has a typical temperate continental arid climate zone, a unique natural condition, suitable for accumulating sugar in crops. Recently, because of the massive exploitation of groundwater resources, the groundwater level has declined. Furthermore, the degree of water mineralization has increased, and land desertification and salinization has increased significantly, severely restricting the development of agriculture in arid areas. This study is based on the measures for investigation, Monitoring and Evaluation of Cultivated Land Quality issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (2016 No. 2 of the Ministry of Agriculture), the national standards of Cultivated Land Quality Grading (GB/T33469-2016), and the Comprehensive Agricultural Regionalization of China. Furthermore, this study analyzes the quality of cultivated land in the Minqin Oasis and provides a scientific basis and countermeasures for protecting and improving cultivated land quality in the Minqin Oasis. The results show that the average arable land quality grade of the Minqin Oasis is 3.26. The land is distributed from one to seven grades, whereas the eighth, ninth, and tenth grades are undistributed. The third and fourth graded lands are the main body of the cultivated land quality grades in the Minqin Oasis, and the area proportions are 31.63% and 28.27%, respectively. Most irrigated agricultural areas in the middle of the Quanshan District and dam area are distributed in the first and second graded lands. Irrigation areas in the lake area are mostly distributed in third and fourth graded lands. More areas exist, such as five, six, and seven on the edge of the oasis. The average soil organic matter content in the cultivated land of the Minqin Oasis is between 10.00 and 15.00 g·kg^-1, and the average total nitrogen content is between 0.50 and 1.00 g·kg^-1, which is generally at a low level. Available phosphorus and potassium are at medium levels. The area of salinized arable land in the Minqin Oasis is 32240.36 hm², accounting for 30.09% of the total arable land. Light salinization is dominant, followed by moderate and severe salinization. Chemical cultivated land is the smallest, accounting for 7.46%. Slight salinization is mostly distributed in Hongshagang, Hongshaliang, Xiqu, and other towns in the lake area. Moderate salinization is distributed in Changning and along the wind-sand line in the Huanhe District. Shortly, the cultivated land in the Minqin Oasis is deficient in soil nutrients, and the soil organic matter and total nitrogen are deficient. The cultivated land soil is predominantly lightly salinized. From the perspective of spatial distribution characteristics, the cultivated land soil nutrient content in Changning, the lake area, and the area along the wind-sand line in the surrounding river area is low, with obvious salinization. To improve the quality of cultivated land and soil fertility and minimize salinization, efforts should be made to increase the intensity of cultivated land in lake areas, river-circling areas, and wind and sand.

Key words: cultivated land quality evaluation, analytic hierarchy process, arable land resource management information system of a county, Minqin Oasis

马倩倩,董博,许旺旺,蔡立群,武均. 干旱区耕地质量等级评价及土壤养分与盐渍化的分析研究——以民勤绿洲为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(2): 514-524.

MA Qianqian,DONG Bo,XU Wangwang,CAI Liqun,WU Jun. Evaluation of cultivated land quality and analysis of soil nutrients and salinization in arid areas: Taking Minqin Oasis as an example[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(2): 514-524.

图/表 18

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表12

民勤绿洲各镇等级地分布面积与比例"

面积及比例		一等地	二等地	三等地	四等地	五等地	六等地	七等地
蔡旗镇	面积/hm²	106.20	1528.43	777.04	1664.59	185.96	402.47	-
蔡旗镇	比例/%	1.25	7.61	2.29	5.49	1.80	15.18	-
昌宁镇	面积/hm²	276.92	2376.71	5372.35	3507.76	472.08	-	-
昌宁镇	比例/%	3.26	11.84	15.85	11.58	4.58	-	-
大坝镇	面积/hm²	1908.72	581.27	584.17	208.60	-	-	-
大坝镇	比例/%	22.44	2.90	1.72	0.69	-	-	-
大滩镇	面积/hm²	2459.50	1520.17	736.64	165.17	218.77	-	-
大滩镇	比例/%	28.92	7.57	2.17	0.55	2.21	-	-
东坝镇	面积/hm²	157.67	2478.20	736.64	535.98	107.15	-	-
东坝镇	比例/%	1.85	12.34	1.99	1.77	1.04	-	-
东湖镇	面积/hm²	-	40.01	662.81	2046.98	507.69	-	-
东湖镇	比例/%	-	0.20	1.96	6.67	4.93	-	-
红沙岗镇	面积/hm²	105.66	1333.25	4751.61	1084.55	347.76	70.68	-
红沙岗镇	比例/%	1.24	6.64	14.02	3.58	3.38	2.67	-
红沙梁镇	面积/hm²	-	1.57	1471.69	1044.37	288.97	262.26	0.01
红沙梁镇	比例/%	-	0.01	4.34	3.45	2.80	9.89	0.00
夹河镇	面积/hm²	-	1271.96	1439.72	3903.56	492.67	449.57	-
夹河镇	比例/%	-	6.34	4.25	12.89	4.78	16.95	-
南湖镇	面积/hm²	-	216.32	733.72	1300.37	1802.71	1330.04	1436.19
南湖镇	比例/%	-	1.08	2.16	4.29	17.50	50.15	99.99
泉山镇	面积/hm²	-	662.32	2 211.64	2 341.49	44.06	46.41	-
泉山镇	比例/%	-	3.30	6.53	7.73	0.43	1.75	-
三雷镇	面积/hm²	1053.29	2070.84	828.92	55.25	190.47	-	-
三雷镇	比例/%	12.39	10.32	2.45	0.18	1.85	-	-
收成镇	面积/hm²	-	544.92	1714.52	2594.39	1561.05	-	-
收成镇	比例/%	-	2.71	5.06	8.56	15.15	-	-
双茨科镇	面积/hm²	2101.74	2537.58	302.61	814.88	-	90.69	-
双茨科镇	比例/%	24.71	12.64	0.89	2.69	-	3.42	-
苏武镇	面积/hm²	304.85	1754.42	3770.50	1501.08	330.55	-	-
苏武镇	比例/%	3.58	8.74	11.12	4.95	3.21	-	-
西渠镇	面积/hm²	-	151.30	3531.59	4810.17	3515.06	-	-
西渠镇	比例/%	-	0.75	10.42	15.88	3.21	-	-
薛百镇	面积/hm²	-	646.72	2453.56	1766.79	34.26	-	-
薛百镇	比例/%	-	3.22	7.24	5.83	0.33	-	-
重兴镇	面积/hm²	29.82	358.93	1878.00	949.15	203.72	-	-
重兴镇	比例/%	0.35	1.79	5.54	3.13	1.98	-	-

表12

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指标名称	指标权重	指标名称	指标权重
地形部位	0.1493	障碍因素	0.0535
灌溉能力	0.1207	农田林网化	0.0528
盐渍化程度	0.0750	有效土层厚	0.0462
耕层质地	0.0728	速效钾	0.0393
有机质	0.0715	地下水埋深	0.0381
排水能力	0.0670	土壤容重	0.0364
有效磷	0.0625	生物多样性	0.0305
质地构型	0.0571	清洁程度	0.0272

指标名称	函数类型	函数公式	a值	c值	u₁值	u₂值
有机质	戒上型	y=1/[1+a×(u-c)²]	0.001245	39.976682	2.0	39.0
有效磷	戒上型	y=1/[1+a×(u-c)²]	0.001293	41.023703	2.0	40.0
速效钾	戒上型	y=1/[1+a×(u-c)²]	0.000210	315.812898	20.0	315.0
土壤容重	峰型	y=1/[1+a×(u-c)²]	6.390020	1.310488	0.5	2.0
有效土层厚	戒上型	y=1/[1+a×(u-c)²]	0.000089	149.661697	10.0	145.0
地下水埋深	戒上型	y=1/[1+a×(u-c)²]	0.000293	56.275087	0.1	50.0

指标	分级
指标	1级（高）	2级（较高）	3级（中）	4级（较低）	5级（低）
有机质/g·kg^-1	>25.00	20.00~25.00	15.00~20.00	10.00~15.00	≤ 10.00
全氮/g·kg^-1	>1.80	1.50~1.80	1.00~1.50	0.50~1.00	≤ 0.50
有效磷/mg·kg^-1	>40.00	30.00~40.00	20.00~30.00	10.00~20.00	≤ 10.00
速效钾/mg·kg^-1	>250.00	200.00~250.00	150.00~200.00	100.00~150.00	≤ 100.00

土壤养分含量及占耕地面积比例		一级（高）	二级（较高）	三级（中）	四级（较低）	五级（低）
有机质	含量/g·kg^-1	>25.00	20.00~25.00	15.00~20.00	10.00~15.00	≤ 10.00
有机质	占耕地面积/%	-	-	0.97	81.39	17.64
全氮	含量/g·kg^-1	>1.80	1.50~1.80	1.00~1.50	0.50~1.00	≤ 0.50
全氮	占耕地面积/%	-	-	0.14	97.33	2.53
有效磷	含量/mg·kg^-1	>40.00	30.00~40.00	20.00~30.00	10.00~20.00	≤ 10.00
有效磷	占耕地面积/%	0.01	20.06	64.69	15.24	-
速效钾	含量/mg·kg^-1	>250.00	200.00~250.00	150.00~200.00	100.00~150.00	≤ 100.00
速效钾	占耕地面积/%	-	6.90	57.74	35.36	-