新疆孔雀河流域生态基流与天然植被需水量研究

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.02.05

干旱区地理 ›› 2021, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (2): 337-345.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000–6060.2021.02.05

新疆孔雀河流域生态基流与天然植被需水量研究

李肖杨^1,²(),朱成刚¹,马玉其³,王新友³,王军政³,陈亚宁¹()

1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室,新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
2.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100049
3.新疆塔里木河流域巴音郭楞管理局,新疆库尔勒 841000

收稿日期:2020-05-06 修回日期:2020-07-12 出版日期:2021-03-25 发布日期:2021-04-14
通讯作者: 陈亚宁
作者简介:李肖杨（1995-）,男,硕士,主要从事生态水文研究. E-mail:lixiaoyang18@mails.ucas.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项资助(XDA20100303)

Ecological baseflow and natural vegetation water requirement of Konqi River Basin, Xinjiang

LI Xiaoyang^1,²(),ZHU Chenggang¹,MA Yuqi³,WANG Xinyou³,WANG Junzheng³,CHEN Yaning¹()

1. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Bayingolin Management Bureau of Xinjiang Tarim River Basin, Korla 841000, Xinjiang, China

Received:2020-05-06 Revised:2020-07-12 Online:2021-03-25 Published:2021-04-14
Contact: Yaning CHEN

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究和确定流域生态基流及天然植被需水量是为了遏制因河道断流或流量减少而造成的生态环境退化,以确保流域生态系统健康发展。根据孔雀河流域植被类型分布及多年径流状况,将河道分为A、B两部分,A段为孔雀河上游塔什店至第三分水枢纽常年未断流河道;B段为第三分水枢纽以下天然植被主要分布区。基于塔什店水文站近50 a水文数据,结合Tennant法等4种方法对A段河道生态基流进行估算;选择潜水蒸发法、定额法对B段距河道1 km辐射范围内的天然植被需水量进行计算。结果表明：Tennant法估算的年均生态基流为9.13 m³·s^-1,对应基本生态水量为2.88×10⁸m³·a^-1,满足A段河道2000—2018年多年平均河损,且近10 a（2009—2018年）塔什店实测年均流量均可满足此生态基流标准;B段河道辐射范围内天然植被总面积为4.66×10⁴ hm²,生态需水量为0.95×10⁸ m³·a^-1,以孔雀河生态输水工程为例科学调控水资源,在满足A段基本生态基流的同时兼顾B段天然植被需水量。研究结果对实现孔雀河河道修复和不同水平年下生态供水具有一定的意义。

关键词: 生态基流, 生态需水, 天然植被, 水资源规划, 孔雀河

Abstract:

The Konqi River is in the lower reaches of the Bosten Lake Basin in Xinjiang, China, and its ecological environment is relatively fragile. Recently, water resources shortage, water ecological imbalance, and other issues have become increasingly prominent under the dual influence of human and natural factors. This paper studies the ecological baseflow and natural vegetation water requirement of the Konqi River Basin, which could provide a decision-making reference for planning and using the Konqi River resources to curb the ecological environmental degradation caused by river interruption or flow reduction. First, based on the distribution of vegetation types and annual runoff conditions in the Konqi River Basin, the river channel is divided into Parts A and B. Section A’s river channel has not been cut off all year round and reaches from the Tashidian Hydrological Station on the upper reaches of the Konqi River to the third water diversion project. Section B is the main distribution area of natural vegetation under the third water diversion project of the Konqi River. Second, based on the hydrological data of the Tashidian Hydrological Station of the Konqi River of the last 50 years, the ecological baseflow of Section A is estimated using the Tennant, annual classification, annual average value of the lowest monthly average flow, and 90% assurance rate methods. The phreatic water evaporation and quota methods are selected to calculate the water requirement of natural vegetation within the radiation range of Section B’s river channel. The results show that the annual average ecological baseflow estimated using the Tennant method is 9.13 m³·s^-1, and the corresponding basic ecological water volume is 2.88×10⁸ m³·a^-1. These values can meet the river loss value of Section A from 2000 to 2018, and the actual annual average runoff from 2009 to 2018 can also meet the ecological baseflow standard. For calculating Section B’s natural vegetation water requirement using the change in groundwater levels around the river after ecological water transfer and analyzing field survey data, all natural vegetation within one kilometer from the river is defined as the main ecological protection area, with an area of 4.66×10⁴ hm² and ecological water requirement of 0.95×10⁸ m³·a^-1. Finally, taking the ecological water conveyance project of the Konqi River as an example, the scientific regulation of water resources in the basin is conducted using the calculation results of ecological baseflow and vegetation water requirement, which has significance for realizing river channel restoration and ecological water supply in different level years.

Key words: ecological baseflow, ecological water requirement, natural vegetation, water resource, Konqi River

李肖杨,朱成刚,马玉其,王新友,王军政,陈亚宁. 新疆孔雀河流域生态基流与天然植被需水量研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(2): 337-345.

LI Xiaoyang,ZHU Chenggang,MA Yuqi,WANG Xinyou,WANG Junzheng,CHEN Yaning. Ecological baseflow and natural vegetation water requirement of Konqi River Basin, Xinjiang[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(2): 337-345.

图/表 10

图1

表1

表2

表3

丰、平、枯水年划分标准"

年型	丰水年	平水年	枯水年	特枯水年
距平百分率（E_i）/%	$E i$ >10	-10< $E i$ ≤ 10	-20< $E i$ ≤-10	$E i$ ≤ -20
频率分析（P）/%	P≤ 37.5	37.5<P≤ 62.5	62.5<P≤ 87.5	P>87.5

表3

表4

表5

表6

表7

表8

图2

参考文献 25

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植被类型	全部天然植被 /10⁴ hm²	生态敏感区天然植被 /10⁴ hm²
林地	0.32	0.09
灌丛	0.11	0.05
草地	4.23	3.37
合计	4.66	3.51

流域质量的定性描述	基流标准（年平均天然流量百分数）/%
流域质量的定性描述	一般用水期（10月至翌年3月）	鱼类产卵期（4—9月）
最大	200	200
最佳	60~100	60~100
极好	40	60
非常好	30	50
好	20	40
中	10	30
差或最小	10	10
极差	0~10	0~10

方法名称	生态基流/m³·s^-1	对应基本生态水量/10⁸ m³	备注说明
Tennant法	9.13	2.88	以保障河流最小健康水平的径流比例计算
年型划分法	2.89	0.91	选定1984年枯水期平均流量计
最枯月流量法	10.58	3.34	以近10 a最枯月平均流量计
90%保证率法	2.54	0.80	以90%保证率选定1985年最枯月流量

枯水期	12月	翌年1月	翌年2月
生态基流/m³·s^-1	5.13	4.27	3.99			平均4.46
生态水量/10⁸ m³	0.13	0.11	0.10			合计0.36
平水期	3月	9月	10月	11月
生态基流/m³·s^-1	9.12	8.83	8.26	8.83		平均8.76
生态水量/10⁸ m³	0.24	0.23	0.21	0.23		合计0.91
丰水期	4月	5月	6月	7月	8月
生态基流/m³·s^-1	11.40	10.54	12.25	14.53	13.96	平均12.54
生态水量/10⁸ m³	0.30	0.27	0.32	0.38	0.36	合计1.62

保护目标	平均需水量/10⁸ m³·a^-1	面积/10⁴ hm²	定额法/10⁸ m³	潜水蒸发法/10⁸ m³
孔雀河B段全部天然植被	0.95	4.66	1.05	0.84
孔雀河B段生态敏感区天然植被	0.74	3.51	0.79	0.70

新疆孔雀河流域生态基流与天然植被需水量研究

Ecological baseflow and natural vegetation water requirement of Konqi River Basin, Xinjiang

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	年份	1月	2月	3月	4月	5月	6月	7月	8月	9月	10月	11月	12月
塔什店实测流量	2009	38.2	38.9	63.0	66.2	57.7	76.5	89.7	89.7	31.4	24.7	60.1	59.7
	2010	52.2	39.4	61.4	50.6	36.0	55.1	82.4	93.2	37.0	26.9	49.9	52.7
	2011	43.8	39.5	48.9	53.0	35.1	80.6	91.2	93.2	31.1	25.5	50.4	53.7
	2012	39.5	40.1	64.2	48.8	32.6	75.5	93.7	72.6	9.8	3.0	19.0	17.4
	2013	11.3	3.3	50.4	56.7	21.0	72.6	74.8	45.8	4.1	1.6	8.8	0.9
	2014	0.1	0.1	35.7	40.8	21.2	44.1	68.9	63.7	23.6	19.9	31.5	7.4
	2015	3.6	2.8	32.9	60.5	40.5	57.9	77.9	71.3	26.5	4.4	24.9	26.5
	2016	3.7	10.2	40.5	57.4	15.4	41.4	79.9	75.3	43.7	29.6	46.8	39.9
	2017	9.9	9.7	49.4	46.0	36.5	70.1	83.7	100.4	79.4	71.7	71.8	16.5
	2018	8.6	11.6	58.6	82.6	73.4	77.2	91.5	84.0	65.2	26.5	39.7	20.9
	平均	21.1	19.5	50.5	56.2	36.9	65.1	83.4	78.9	35.2	23.4	40.3	29.5
生态基流		4.3	4.0	9.1	11.4	10.5	12.3	14.5	14.0	8.8	8.3	8.8	5.1
满足度		0.7	0.7	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.9

	年份	年内冰封期	年内平水期	年内丰水期	全年径流量
塔什店实测径流量	2009	3.60	4.72	10.05	18.36
	2010	3.80	4.62	8.40	16.82
	2011	3.60	4.10	9.34	17.05
	2012	2.53	2.55	8.55	13.62
	2013	0.41	1.73	7.15	9.28
	2014	0.20	2.92	6.32	9.43
	2015	0.87	2.33	8.15	11.36
	2016	1.42	4.22	7.13	12.78
	2017	0.94	7.16	8.92	17.02
	2018	1.07	5.00	10.81	16.88
	平均	1.84	3.93	8.48	14.26
生态基流对应生态水量		0.36	0.91	1.62	2.88
满足度		0.90	1.00	1.00	1.00

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