昆仑山国家公园青海片区评估区植被类型及其分布

doi:10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.261

干旱区地理 ›› 2024, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (9): 1530-1541.doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2024.261

昆仑山国家公园青海片区评估区植被类型及其分布

范琳¹^,²(), 牛玉³, 张发起³()

1.国家林业和草原局西北调查规划院，陕西西安 710048
2.旱区生态水文与灾害防治国家林业和草原局重点实验室，陕西西安 710048
3.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所高原生物适应与进化重点实验室，青海西宁 810008

收稿日期:2024-04-25 修回日期:2024-06-08 出版日期:2024-09-25 发布日期:2024-09-24
通讯作者: 张发起（1983-），男，博士，研究员，主要从事植物多样性保护研究. E-mail: fqzhang@nwipb.cas.cn
作者简介:范琳（1985-），女，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事国家公园和自然保护地调查规划、生物多样性监测与保护研究. E-mail: xby381942606@126.com
基金资助:
中国科学院战略生物资源计划能力建设项目(KF-BRP-017-101);国家林业和草原局西北调查规划院科技创新项目(XBY-KJCX-2024-09)

Vegetation types and distribution in the evaluation area of Qinghai area of Kunlun Mountain National Park

FAN Lin¹^,²(), NIU Yu³, ZHANG Faqi³()

1. Northwest Surveying, Planning and Designing Institute, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Xi’an 710048, Shaanxi, China
2. Administration on Ecological Hydrology and Disaster Prevention in Arid Regions, Xi’an 710048, Shaanxi, China
3. Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China

Received:2024-04-25 Revised:2024-06-08 Published:2024-09-25 Online:2024-09-24

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

昆仑山国家公园青海片区评估区位于青海省昆仑山北坡，地势险峻，自然环境恶劣，是中国山地生态系统中最完整、最原真的区域之一。为了全面掌握评估区植被类型、分布及生存现状，利用样方调查法，在昆仑山国家公园青海片区评估区内设置168个植物群落调查样方，记录样方内物种组成、数量特征、生境信息等，并参考《中国植被》等划分植被类型。结果表明：（1）评估区共有种子植物46科146属384种，以禾本科（Poaceae）、菊科（Asteraceae）、豆科（Fabaceae）、苋科（Amaranthaceae）植物为主。（2）评估区植被可划分为7个植被型组、11个植被型、17个植被亚型、36个群系，以草原、草甸及半灌木与草本荒漠为主要植被型，广泛分布有紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea）草原、高山嵩草（Carex parvula）草甸、蒿叶猪毛菜（Oreosalsola abrotanoides）荒漠等。总体而言，评估区植物多样性低，植被类型表现出独特性和过渡性；植被垂直带谱层次简单，基本由山地荒漠带、高寒草原带、高寒草甸带与高山稀疏植被带组成；水平分布由东向西、由南向北逐渐由草地植被过渡到荒漠植被。研究结果可以为昆仑山国家公园青海片区的创立及植被保护提供基础数据。

关键词: 植被类型, 群落结构, 昆仑山国家公园, 青海片区

Abstract:

The evaluation area of Qinghai area of Kunlun Mountain National Park is located on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains in Qinghai Province, China. Due to its steep terrain and harsh natural environment, the area is sparsely populated and is one of the most complete and authentic mountainous ecosystems in China. In order to comprehensively grasp the vegetation types, distribution, and survival in the evaluation area, this study used the method of sample plot survey to set up 168 quadrats in the evaluation area of Qinghai area of Kunlun Mountain National Park, recording species composition, quantitative characteristics, habitat information, and referring to the classification of vegetation types and naming in the “Vegegraphy of China”, etc. The results show that: (1) There are a total of 384 species of seed plants in 46 families, 146 genera, in the evaluation area, mainly Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Amaranthaceae. (2) The vegetation in the assessment area can be divided into 7 vegetation type groups, 11 vegetation types, 17 vegetation subtypes, and 36 formations, mainly including Stipa purpurea grassland, Carex parvula meadow, and Oreosalsola abrotanoides desert. Overall, the plant diversity in the assessment area is low, and the vegetation exhibits uniqueness and transitional characteristics; the vertical vegetation zonation along the altitudinal gradient is incomplete, mainly composed of mountainous desert zone, alpine grassland zone, alpine meadow zone, and sparse alpine vegetation zone; The horizontal distribution gradually transitions from grassland vegetation to desert vegetation from east to west and from south to north. The research results provide basic data for the creation and vegetation protection of the Qinghai area of Kunlun Mountain National Park.

Key words: vegetation type, community structure, Kunlun Mountain National Park, Qinghai area

范琳, 牛玉, 张发起. 昆仑山国家公园青海片区评估区植被类型及其分布[J]. 干旱区地理, 2024, 47(9): 1530-1541.

FAN Lin, NIU Yu, ZHANG Faqi. Vegetation types and distribution in the evaluation area of Qinghai area of Kunlun Mountain National Park[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2024, 47(9): 1530-1541.

图/表 3

图1

表1

昆仑山国家公园青海片区评估区植被类型"

植被型组	植被型	植被亚型	群系	群系面积/km²
森林	常绿针叶林	寒温带和温带山地针叶林	1.祁连圆柏林（Form. Juniperus przewalskii）	41.25
森林	落叶阔叶林	温带落叶阔叶林	2.青杨林（Form. Populus cathayana）	3.22
灌丛	落叶阔叶灌丛	温带落叶灌丛	3.具鳞水柏枝灌丛（Form. Myricaria squamosa）	161.20
		亚高山落叶阔叶灌丛	4.密齿柳灌丛（Form. Salix characta）	44.86
			5.金露梅灌丛（Form. Dasiphora fruticosa）	320.07
			6.小叶金露梅灌丛（Form. Dasiphora parvifolia）	322.40
			7.匍匐水柏枝灌丛（Form. Myricaria prostrata）	532.93
草本植被（草地）	草原	温带丛生禾草草原	8.芨芨草草原（Form. Neotrinia splendens）	235.28
		禾草、薹草高寒草原	9.紫花针茅草原（Form. Stipa purpurea）	19883.32
			10.草地早熟禾+垫状点地梅草原（Form. Poa pratensis+Androsace tapete）	21.29
			11.青藏薹草草原（Form. Carex moorcroftii）	473.25
			12.青藏薹草+紫花针茅草原（Form. Carex moorcroftii+Stipa purpurea）	430.52
	草甸	禾草、杂类草盐生草甸	13.芦苇+白麻草甸（Form. Phragmites australis+Apocynum pictum）	97.85
		嵩草、杂类草高寒草甸	14.高山嵩草草甸（Form. Carex parvula）	8140.14
			15.高山嵩草+紫花针茅草甸（Form. Carex parvula+Stipa purpurea）	781.71
			16.线叶嵩草草甸（Form. Carex capillifolia）	267.26
			17.西藏嵩草+高山薹草草甸（Form. Carex tibetikobresia+Carex pseudosupina）	130.28
			18.高原嵩草草甸（Form. Carex coninux）	219.73
			19.青海早熟禾+扇穗茅草甸（Form. Poa qinghaiensis+Littledalea racemosa）	1275.27
荒漠	半乔木与灌木荒漠	矮半乔木荒漠	20.梭梭荒漠（Form. Haloxylon ammodendron）	108.78
	半灌木与草本荒漠	垫状矮半灌木高寒荒漠	21.垫状驼绒藜荒漠（Form. Krascheninnikovia compacta）	73.13
		灌木荒漠	22.膜果麻黄荒漠（Form. Ephedra przewalskii）	300.25
			23.小叶金露梅荒漠（Form. Dasiphora parvifolia）	1333.17
			24.具鳞水柏枝荒漠（Form. Myricaria squamosa）	161.20
			25.小果白刺荒漠（Form. Nitraria sibirica）	308.92
		半灌木、矮半灌木荒漠	26.驼绒藜荒漠（Form. Krascheninnikovia ceratoides）	155.67
			27.蒿叶猪毛菜荒漠（Form. Oreosalsola abrotanoides）	5565.45
			28.合头藜荒漠（Form. Sympegma regelii）	188.77
			29.沙蒿荒漠（Form. Artemisia desertorum）	0.93
			30.蒿叶猪毛菜+驼绒藜荒漠（Form. Oreosalsola abrotanoides+Krascheninnikovia ceratoides）	2.99
			31.蒿叶猪毛菜+小果白刺荒漠（Form. Oreosalsola abrotanoides+Nitraria sibirica）	459.99
		多汁盐生矮半灌木荒漠	32.盐爪爪荒漠（Form. Kalidium foliatum）	2016.67
高山冻原与稀疏植被	高山垫状植被	高山垫状植被	33.藓状雪灵芝+垫状点地梅垫状植被（Form. Eremogone bryophylla+Androsace tapete）	261.73
高山冻原与稀疏植被	高山稀疏植被	高山稀疏植被	34.水母雪兔子+唐古红景天+矮垂头菊稀疏植被（Form. Saussurea medusa+Rhodiola tangutica+Cremanthodium humile）	3620.96
沼泽与水生植被	草本与苔藓沼泽	草本与苔藓沼泽	35.海韭菜+水麦冬草本沼泽（Form. Triglochin maritima+Triglochin palustris）	14.22
无植被地段	无植被地段	无植被地段	36.无植被地段	10589.12

表1

图2

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昆仑山国家公园青海片区评估区植被类型及其分布

Vegetation types and distribution in the evaluation area of Qinghai area of Kunlun Mountain National Park

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