层状云微物理属性垂直分布的季节变化——以新疆地区为例

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 利用CloudSat卫星资料2B-CLDCLASS和2B-CWC-RVOD数据集，分别揭示了层云与层积云的云粒子等效半径、数浓度及含水量等微物理属性的垂直分布特征及其季节变化规律。结果表明：层云所在的云层高度比层积云高，特别是春季，层云可以延伸到11.0 km处，而层积云云层所在高度最高出现在夏季，最高延伸到8.5 km处。层云中的冰水分布在1.0~11.0 km，液态水分布在0~9.0 km，而层积云的冰水和液态水均分布在0~9.0 km。层云与层积云的冰粒子等效半径、水云粒子数浓度、液态水含量呈现随云层高度的增加而减小的趋势，冰粒子数浓度随云层高度增加呈增大趋势，冰水含量呈峰值分布，峰值出现在6~10 km范围内。各季节层积云粒子等效半径、粒子数浓度及水含量的最大值均大于层云的对应值，从这方面看，层积云更适合作人工增水对象。

关键词: CloudSat卫星, 层状云, 微物理属性, 垂直分布, 季节变化

Abstract: Xinjiang has a typical temperate continental climate and complex topography with large diurnal temperature difference. The spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation is extremely uneven due to various factors of climate and terrain,which accelerated the water shortages in the Xinjiang. Studies have found that strati-form cloud shows a great potential on artificial enhancement precipitation,however,due to lacks of observation measurements,few researches focused on the vertical distribution of stratiform clouds. CloudSat is the first satellite,which can observe the vertical distribution of worldwide cloud microphysical properties by using active millimeter-wave radars. In this paper,based on the retrieval data 2B-CLDClASS and 2B-CWC-RVOD from cloud profiling radar onboard CloudSat satellite,stratiform clouds that contained stratus and stratocumulus appeared in Xinjiang during 2009-2010 were chosen to reveal the vertical distribution of stratiform cloud microphysical properties including the equivalent radius of ice particles and water cloud particles,the concentration of ice particle and water cloud particle,the content of ice water and liquid water and its seasonal variation. Results show that the ice water and liquid water were distributed in 1.0-11.0 km and 0-9.0 km respectively in the stratus clouds,while in 0-9.0 km in the stratocumulus clouds. The effective radius of ice particles in both stratocumulus and stratus decreased with the height of cloud. The maximums of ice effective radius were 106.4 μm and 70.8 μm respectively appeared in the bottom of clouds. The water cloud particles effective radius of stratocumulus was larger than stratus',with the high value both appeared in the lower cloud layer,and the maximums were 15.7μm and 12.5 μm respectively. The ice number concentration in stratocumulus increased with the increase of cloud height,the maximum was 76.4 L-1 distributed in 8.0-9.0 km;while the ice number concentration in stratus increased with height ranging from 0 to 9.0 km. The number concentration of water cloud particle decreased with the increase of height of both stratocumulus and stratus. The water cloud particle number concentration in stratocumulus was greater than in stratus ranging from 1.0 to 6.0 km,but lower than in stratus in the top of the cloud layer ranging from 6.0 to 9.0 km and in the bottom. The peak of ice water content value in stratocumulus appeared in 7.0-8.0 km,which was 50.3 mg·m^-3,and the peak of ice water content of stratus occurred in 8.0-9.0 km,which was 25.1 mg·m^-3. The liquid water content of stratocumulus,which was up to 500.4 mg·m^-3,was much greater than stratus' when they appeared in range from 0 km to 7.0 km. From this perspective,stratocumulus clouds were more suitable for artificial cloud-seeding. Stratus and stratocumulus clouds occurred more frequently in the spring,summer and autumn but less in winter,especially stratocumulus clouds. The height of stratus clouds was higher than those of stratocumulus clouds,particularly in spring,stratus clouds were extended to 11.0 km. The maximum height of stratocumulus clouds was 8.0km in summer.

Key words: CloudSat satellite, stratiform clouds, microphysical properties, vertical distribution, seasonal variation

中图分类号:

P426.5

光莹, 邓军英, 陈勇航, 辛渝, 孙冉, 王旭, 杨莲梅, 刘岩, 张瑞. 层状云微物理属性垂直分布的季节变化——以新疆地区为例[J]. 干旱区地理, 2017, 40(4): 754-761.

GUANG Ying, DENG Jun-ying, CHEN Yong-hang, XIN Yu, SUN Ran, WANG Xu, YANG Lian-mei, LIU Yan, ZHANG Rui. Vertical distribution and its seasonal variation of microphysical properties of stratiform clouds in Xinjiang[J]. , 2017, 40(4): 754-761.

参考文献

[1] 黄佛君,靳万贵,陈蜀江,等. 新疆人工增水问题的思考[J]. 新疆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,25(4):74-78[. HUANG Fuojun,JIN Wangui,CHEN Shujiang,et al. A preliminary discussion of the issue of artificial-increasing water in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Xinjiang Normal University(Natural Sciences Edition),2006,25(4):74-78.]

[2] 陈勇航,黄建平,王天河,等. 西北地区不同类型云的时空分布及其与降水的关系[J]. 应用气象学报,2005,16(6):717-727.[CHEN Yonghang,HUANG Jianping,WANG Tianhe,et al. Temporal and spatial distribution of the different clouds over Northwestern China with the relation to precipitation[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2005,16(6):717-727.]

[3] 张学文. 云的含水量及其水循环[J]. 水科学进展,2002,13(1):83-86.[ZHANG Xuewen. Water content of cloud and its water circulation[J]. Advances in Water Science,2002,13(1) 83-86.]

[4] 齐彦斌,郭学良,金德镇. 一次东北冷涡中对流云带的宏微物理结构探测研究[J]. 大气科学,2007,31(4):621-634.[QI Yanbin,GUO Xueliang,JIN Dezhen. An observational study of macro/microphysical structures of convective rainbands of a cold vortex over Northeast China[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2007,31(4):621-634.]

[5] 洪延超,周非非. 层状云系人工增雨潜力评估研究[J]. 大气科学,2006,30(5):913-926[. HONG Yanchao,ZHOU Feifei. The study of evaluation of potential of artificial precipitation enhancement in stratiform cloud system[J]. Chin ese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2006,30(5):913-926.]

[6] HEYMSFIELD A J. Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds:A microphysical and dynamical study[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1977,34(2):367-381.

[7] 周毓荃. 河南层状云系多尺度结构和人工增雨条件的研究[D]. 南京:南京信息工程大学,2004[. ZHOU Yuquan. Study on the stratiform cloud multi-scale structures and artificial rainfall increase in Henan Province[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,2004.]

[8] 王旭,马禹. 新疆中尺度对流系统的地理分布和生命史[J]. 干旱区地理,2012,35(6):857-863[. WANG Xu,MA Yu. Geographic distribution and life cycle of mesoscale convective system in Xinjiang,China[J]. Arid Land Geography,2012,35(6):857-863.]

[9] 傅云飞,宇如聪,徐幼平,等. TRMM测雨雷达和微波成像仪对两个中尺度特大暴雨降水结构的观测分析研究[J]. 气象学报, 2003,61(4):421-431.[FU Yunfei,YU Rucong,XU Youping. Analysis on precipition structures of two heavy rain cases by using TRMM PR and IMI[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2003,61(4):421-431.]

[10] 季漩,罗毅. TRMM降水数据在中天山区域的精度评估分析[J]. 干旱区地理,2013,36(2):253-262.[JI Xuan,LUO Yi. Quality Assessment of the TRMM precipitation data in mid Tianshan Mountains[J]. Arid Land Geography,2013,36(2):253-262.]

[11] 赵战成. 库尔勒一次强对流大暴雨天气特征分析[J]. 干旱区地理,2016,39(5):1070-1077[. ZHAO Zhancheng. Characteristics of a strong onvective weather and heavy rainstorm in Korla City,Xinjiang[J]. Arid Land Geography,2016,39(5):1070-1077.]

[12] 居丽玲. 河北省春秋季层状降水云系宏微观结构观测和数值模拟研究[D]. 南京:南京信息工程大学,2012.[JU Liling.[D] Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,2012.]

[13] 赵震,雷恒池. 西北地区一次层状云降水云物理结构和云微物理过程的数值模拟研究[J]. 大气科学,2008,32(2):323-334.[ZHAO Zhen,LEI Hengchi. A numerical simulation of cloud physical structure and microphysical processes associated with stratiform precipitation in Northwest China[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(2):323-334.]

[14] 王旭,张嘉伟,马禹,等. 天山山脉强降水云宏微观物理属性的空间分布特征[J]. 干旱区地理,2016,39(6):1153-1161.[WANG Xu,ZHANG Jiawei,MA Yu,et al. Spacial distribution of macro and micro physical properties of clouds during heavy rains over Tianshan Mountains[J]. Arid Land Geography,2016, 39(6):1153-1161.]

[15] 常倬林,崔洋,张武,等. 基于CERES的宁夏空中云水资源特征及其增雨潜力研究[J]. 干旱区地理,2015,38(6):1112-1120.[CHANG Zhuolin,CUI Yang,ZHANG Wu. Characteristics and developing potential of cloud water resource in Ningxia with the CERES data[J]. Arid Land Geography,2015,38(6):1112-1120.]

[16] 洪延超. 层状云结构和降水机制研究及人工增雨问题讨论[J]. 气候与环境研究,2012,17(6):937-950[. HONG Yanchao. Research progress of stratiform cloud structure and precipitation mechanism and discussion on artificial precipitation problems[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research,2012,17(6):937-950.]

[17] HILL G E. Analysis of precipitation augmentation potential in winter orographic clouds by use of aircraft icing reports[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology,1982,21(2):165-170.

[18] COOPER W A,MARWITZ J D. Winter storms over the San Juan Mountains. Part Ⅲ:Seeding potential[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology,1980,19:942-949.

[19] VALI G,KOENIG L R,YOKSAS T C. Estimate of precipitation enhancement potential for the Duero Basin of Spain[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology,1988,27(7):829-850.

[20] 陈春艳,赵克明,阿不力米提江·阿布克木,等. 暖湿背景下新疆逐时降水变化特征研究[J]. 干旱区地理,2015,38(4):692-702.[CHEN Chunyan,ZHAO Keming,ABLIKIM Ablimitijan. et al. Temporal and spatial distributions of hourly rain intensity under the warm background in Xinjiang[J]. Arid Land Geography,2015,38(4):692-702.]

[21] 陈勇航,彭宽军,史玉光,等. 天山山区与塔克拉玛干沙漠云水资源的对比分析[J]. 干旱区地理,2009,32(6):888-890.[CHEN Yonghang,PENG Kuanjun,SHI Yuguang,et al. Comparison of cloud water resources over Tianshan Mountains and Taklimakan Desert[J]. Arid Land Geography,2009,32(6):888-890.]

[22] 安静宇,邓军英,刘岩,等. 基于微物理属性的新疆层状云随高度变化规律[J]. 兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2016,52(2):1-9.[AN Jingyu,DENG Junying,LIU Yan,et al. Vertical distribution of micro physical properties for stratiform clouds in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University:Natural Sciences,2016, 52(2):1-9.]

[23] ROSSOW W B,SCHIFFER R A. 1999:Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP[J]. Bull Amer Meteor Soc,1999,80(11):2261-2286.

[24] 邓军英,丁明月,王文彩,等. 冰云粒子微物理属性在一次强降雨过程中的垂直分布[J]. 干旱区地理,2016,39(3):590-599.[DENG Junying,DING Mingyue,WANG Wencai,et al. Vertical distributions microphysical properties of ice particles in a heavy rain[J]. Arid Land Geography,2016,39(3):590-599.]

[25] 王帅辉,韩志刚,姚志刚,等. 基于CloudSat资料的中国及周边地区云垂直结构统计分析[J]. 高原气象,2011,30(1):38-52.[WANG Shuaihui,HAN Zhigang,YAO Zhigang,et al. Analysis on cloud vertical structure over China and its neighborhood based on CloudSat data[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2011,30(1):38-52.]

[26] 杨冰韵. 基于CloudSat卫星资料分析云的微物理和光学特性的分布特征[D]. 北京:中国气象科学研究院,2013[. YANG Bingyun. Analysis on distribution characteristics of cloud microphysical and optical properties based on the CloudSat Data[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,2013.]